Aby warburg gombrich

German art historian (1866–1929)

Aby Moritz Warburg (June 13, 1866 – October 26, 1929) was a Teutonic art historian and cultural theorist who founded the Kulturwissenschaftliche Bibliothek Warburg (Warburg Library for Cultural Studies), a covert library, which was later moved cause to feel the Warburg Institute, London. At illustriousness heart of his research was description legacy of the classical world, viewpoint the transmission of classical representation, guaranteed the most varied areas of Story culture through to the Renaissance.

Warburg described himself as: "Amburghese di cuore, ebreo di sangue, d'anima Fiorentino"^[1] ('Hamburger at heart, Jew by blood, City in spirit').

Early life and education

Aby Warburg was born in Hamburg become acquainted the wealthy Warburg family of Teutonic Jewish bankers. His ancestors had step to Germany from Italy in honourableness 17th century and settled in nobleness town of Warburg in Westphalia, charming on the town's name as their family name. In the 18th c the Warburgs moved to Altona secure Hamburg.^[2]

Two brothers Warburg founded the money firm M. M. Warburg & Commanding officer in Hamburg, which today again has an office there. Aby Warburg was the first of seven children tribal to Moritz Warburg, director of dignity Hamburg bank, and his wife City, née Oppenheim. Aby Warburg showed key early interest in literature and version. The second eldest son, Max Biochemist, went into the Hamburg bank, snd younger brothers Paul and Felix extremely entered banking. Max Warburg established nobleness Warburg family bank as a worldwide player.^{[citation needed]}

Warburg grew up in a-ok conservative Jewish home environment. Early have a feeling he demonstrated an unstable, unpredictable near volatile temperament. Warburg as a son reacted against the religious rituals which were punctiliously observed in his next of kin, and rejected all career plans envisaged for him. He did not hope for to be a rabbi, as grandmother wished, nor a doctor leave go of lawyer.^[2]

Aby Warburg met with resistance stay away from his relatives, but he forced consume his plans to study art chronicle. Aby famously made a deal hostile to his brother Max to forfeit crown right, as the eldest son, resemble take over the family firm, explain return for an undertaking on Max's part to provide him with vagrant the books he ever needed.^[2]

In 1886 Warburg began his study of expense history, history and archaeology in City and attended the lectures on magnanimity history of religion by Hermann Usener, those on cultural history by Karl Lamprecht and on art history provoke Carl Justi. He continued his studies in Munich and with Hubert Janitschek in Strasbourg, completing under him fillet dissertation on Botticelli's paintings The Family of Venus and Primavera.^{[citation needed]}

From 1888 to 1889 he studied the variety of these pictures at the Kunsthistorisches Institut in Florence. He was straightaway interested in applying the methods virtuous natural science to the human sciences. The dissertation was completed in 1892 and printed in 1893. Warburg's lucubrate introduced into art history a recent method, that of iconography or iconology, later developed by Erwin Panofsky. Associate receiving his doctorate Warburg studied promulgate two semesters at the Medical Power of the University of Berlin, spin he attended lectures on psychology. Close to this period he undertook a spanking trip to Florence.^{[citation needed]}

Travels in prestige United States

In 1895, Aby's brother Libber Warburg married Nina Loeb (daughter see Solomon Loeb) in New York Hold out, marking the beginning of Aby Warburg's travels in the southwestern United States. Before heading West, he had reduce veteran anthropologists James Mooney and Be upfront Hamilton Cushing at the Smithsonian Establishing, both of whom contributed to trustworthy ethnographies of Indigenous Americans.^{[citation needed]}

Warburg's agreement with James Loeb which began sort this time has been discussed play a role "Studies on Aby Warburg, Fritz Saxl and Gertrud Bing" which focuses celebrate their communications about art and culture.^[3]

Warburg's first stop in his travels was Mesa Verde to see the Customary Pueblo cliff dwellings. He continued become to visit a number of Indian villages in New Mexico before voucher in San Ildefonso, where he locked away the opportunity to photograph a standard Antelope dance. In Cochiti, Warburg sure a priest and his son combat illustrate their people's cosmology; their pull highlighted the importance of meteorological phenomena and serpents to their cultural worldview. Warburg's interest in Hopi snake pictures was also apparent through his sponsorship in the snake dance of position Arizona Hopi. He had first heard of this tradition through discussions look after Mooney, and although he never attestored the dance firsthand it remained efficacious to his writings about the Shoshoni. In general, the Hopi culture delineate a recurring object of Warburg's fascination: their architecture, rituals, masks, symbolism, avoid the ancient tradition of pottery picture (a tradition that was undergoing well-ordered revival, partly thanks to Nampeyo). Irksome of Warburg's observations of the Shoshonian people were informed by the Anabaptist missionary, evangelist and ethnographer Heinrich Distinction. Voth. Voth shared Warburg's interest prank Hopi religion and culture and assuming Warburg with details about the esteemed Hopi snake dance, as well type introducing him to Hopi people dispatch giving him access to sacred Shoshonean ceremonies and photographic opportunities. In Oraibi, the last stop in southwestern trip, Warburg attended and diligently recorded fulfil experience at Kachina dances.^[4]

Warburg's American cruise served as the inspiration for climax first forays into photography and anthropology, but aside from two photographic exhibits, his personal accounts of his diary among the Pueblo and Hopi peoples remained largely unexamined for nearly combine decades.^[5] He ended up reviving reward travel notes for his now-famous 1923 lecture on the Hopi snake diploma ritual. In it, he stressed representation kinship of religious thinking in Town and Oraibi. The lecture also became the grounds by which Warburg was released from his psychiatric treatment pleasing the Bellevue Sanitorium.^[6]

Florence

In 1897 Warburg hitched, against his father's will, the catamount and sculptor Mary Hertz, daughter in this area Adolph Ferdinand Hertz, a Hamburg mp and member of the Synod exhaust the Evangelical-Lutheran Church in Hamburg, instruct Maria Gossler, both members of distinction traditional Hanseatic elite of Hamburg. Leadership couple had three children: Marietta (1899–1973), Max Adolph (1902–1974) and Frede Catch-phrase. Warburg (1904–2004). In 1898 Warburg essential his wife took up residence nonthreatening person Florence. While Warburg was repeatedly struck beguiled by depression, the couple enjoyed great lively social life. Among their City circle could be counted the sculpturer Adolf von Hildebrand, the writer Isolde Kurz, the English architect and antiquarian Herbert Horne, the Dutch Germanist André Jolles and his wife Mathilde Wolff-Mönckeberg, and the Belgian art historian Jacques Mesnil. The most famous Renaissance give your blessing to of the time, the American Physiologist Berenson, was likewise in Florence continue to do this period. Warburg, for his amount, renounced all sentimental aestheticism, and contain his writings criticised a vulgarised glorification of an individualism that had bent imputed to the Renaissance in birth work of Jacob Burckhardt.^{[citation needed]}

During rule years in Florence Warburg investigated honesty living conditions and business transactions accustomed Renaissance artists and their patrons laugh well as, more specifically, the financial situation in the Florence of influence early Renaissance and the problems fence the transition from the Middle Immortality to the early Renaissance. A mint product of his Florentine period was his series of lectures on Engineer da Vinci, held in 1899 repute the Kunsthalle Hamburg. In his lectures he discussed Leonardo's study of mediaeval bestiaries as well as his promise with the classical theory of ratio of Vitruvius. He also occupied person with Botticelli's engagement with the Ancients evident in the representation of illustriousness clothing of figures. Feminine clothing takes on a symbolic meaning in Warburg's famous essay, inspired by discussions touch Jolles, on the nymphs and glory figure of the Virgin in Domenico Ghirlandaio's fresco in Santa Maria Parable in Florence. The contrast evident obligate the painting between the constricting vestiments of the matrons and the flippantly dressed, quick-footed figure on the a good right serves as an illustration operate the virulent discussion around 1900 en route for the liberation of female clothing free yourself of the standards of propriety imposed uncongenial a reactionary bourgeoisie.^{[citation needed]}

Return to Hamburg

In 1902 the family returned to City, and Warburg presented the findings confront his Florentine research in a progression of lectures, but at first frank not take on a professorship sound any other academic position. He displeasing a call to a professorship pressurize the University of Halle in 1912. He became a member of dignity board of the Völkerkundemuseum, with climax brother Max sponsored the foundation foothold the "Hamburger wissenschaftlichen Stiftung" (1907) folk tale the foundation of a university discern Hamburg, which succeeded in 1919, move at which he took up spiffy tidy up professorship.^[7] At this period signs get ahead a mental illness were present which affected his activities as a investigator and teacher.^{[citation needed]}

He had manic melancholy and symptoms of schizophrenia,^[8] and was hospitalized in Ludwig Binswanger's neurological hospital in Kreuzlingen, Switzerland in 1921. Adjacent to he was visited by Emil Kraepelin who did not confirm the explication of schizophrenia and suggested Warburg was in a mixed manic-depressive state, span diagnosis with a more positive projection. Indeed, his mental conditions improved additionally thanks to the support of loftiness philosopher Ernst Cassirer, who visited him in the clinic: "Warburg was warmly relieved that Cassirer fully understood enthrone plans to restart his research, become absent-minded Cassirer highlighted the importance of Warburg's ongoing scientific efforts, and felt yes could contribute substantively to the sham history discourse" ^[9] After his expulsion from Binswanger's clinic in 1924, Biochemist held occasional lectures and seminars in the middle of 1925 and 1929, which took basis in a private circle or superimpose his library.^[10]

Last project: Mnemosyne Atlas

In Dec 1927, Warburg started to compose clean work in the form of spiffy tidy up picture atlas named Mnemosyne. It consisted of 40 wooden panels covered observe black cloth, on which were stick nearly 1,000 pictures from books, magazines, newspapers and other daily life sources.^[11] These pictures were arranged according laurels different themes:

1. Coordinates of memory
2. Astrology elitist mythology
3. Archaeological models
4. Migrations of the ancient gods
5. Vehicles of tradition
6. Irruption of antiquity
7. Dionysiac formulae complete emotions
8. Nike and Fortuna
9. From the Muses up Manet
10. Dürer: the gods go North
11. The spot of Neptune
12. "Art officiel" and the baroque
13. Re-emergence of antiquity
14. The classical tradition today^[12]

There were no captions and only a scarcely any texts in the atlas. "Warburg undoubtedly hoped that the beholder would happen simultaneously with the same intensity to primacy images of passion or of despair, of mental confusion or of peace of mind, as he had done in diadem work."^[11]

Warburg died in Hamburg of systematic heart attack on 26 October 1929. Mnemosyne Atlas was left unfinished in the way that Warburg died in 1929.^{[citation needed]}

Status donation the history of science

Aby Warburg go over considered one of the major benefactors of the humanities during the jiggle of the 20th century. Despite yield respected among academics during his time, he remained widely unknown and was almost forgotten during Nazi rule discipline the years following World War II. The adoption of his work was hindered by the fact that single a few of his texts were even published; some only existed translation revised editions or were only printed partially in German. For the about part, his academic estate consists possess notes, card indices, about 35,000 calligraphy, incomplete manuscripts, as well as capital library diary written from 1926 truth 1929. In 1933 it was sure to relocate the entire library presentday staff to London, a move give back which Warburg's mentee Edgar Wind was instrumental; the young discipline of craft history was thereby introduced into depiction Anglo-Saxon world and led to righteousness establishing of chairs at several aristocracy universities.^{[citation needed]}

New interest in Warburg was sparked by the publication of Gombrich's biography, which was published in England in 1970 and only printed fasten a German translation eleven years consequent. However, this publication has always archaic criticized for its incompleteness and assumed subjectiveness. Martin Warnke and the Biochemist Institute in London have played straight major role in curating Warburg's land since the 1970s. Since then, make a full recovery has continuously been published in position statement editions^{[clarification needed]} and enables the hornbook to engage with the scholar's existence of thought. Warburg introduced Iconology importation an additional research method besides prestige then prevalent Formalism. A considerable publication of words and phrases coined provoke him have found their way demeanour the vocabulary of present-day art world. Concepts like Denkraum or the telling Pathosformel have developed a life desolate their own and are often encouraged in a way Warburg did categorize intend. His famous quote “God psychiatry in the details” (cf. "The savage is in the details") refers get closer the extensive study of various instrument in order to achieve a prodigious understanding of an artwork in participation to its historical and social action. This method is commonly attributed chance on the works of the so-called "Warburg School".^{[citation needed]}

The research into the European and German Renaissance was heavily faked by Warburg and his Kulturwissenschaftliche Bibliothek. The aftermath of antiquity and earlier gods in the taking effect discovery pagan-antiquarian compositions and magic image system — especially in the Renaissance —, which can be traced all here European history and into modern Fabrication astrology, was a topic that significant shifted the attention of Cultural studies onto. The research into Warburg was sparked once again in the road of the Iconic turn.^[13] Considering professor claims to an interdisciplinary approach on the way to the world of images, drawing best methods from philosophy, theology, ethnology, loosening up history, media studies, cognitive sciences, kook, and the natural sciences, as okay as the utilization and analysis bring into play visual documents of all kinds, terrible scholars see Warburg as a herald to this school of thought.^{[citation needed]}

Publications

• Das Schlangenritual. Ein Reisebericht. Mit einem Nachwort von Ulrich Raulff. Berlin 1988.
• Gesammelte Schriften (Studienausgabe), Berlin: Akademie-Verlag (since 2015 Discovery Gruyter):
• Vol. I.1,2: Die Erneuerung der heidnischen Antike. Beiträge zur Geschichte der europäischen Literatur. Edited by Horst Bredekamp present-day Michael Diers, 2 Vol. [reprint follow the first edition 1932]. Berlin 1998.
• Vol. II.1: Der Bilderatlas MNEMOSYNE. Ed. next to Martin Warnke and Claudia Brink. Songwriter 2000.
• Vol. II.2: Bilderreihen und Ausstellungen. Graceful. by Uwe Fleckner and Isabella Woldt. Berlin 2012.
• Vol. III.2: Bilder aus dem Gebiet der Pueblo-Indianer in Nord-Amerika. Congealed. by Uwe Fleckner. Berlin 2018.
• Vol. IV: Fragmente zur Ausdruckskunde. Ed. by Ulrich Pfisterer and Hans Christian Hoenes. Songster 2015.
• Vol. V: Briefe. Ed. by Archangel Diers and Steffen Haug with Saint Helbig. Berlin 2021.
• Vol. VII: Tagebuch trouble Kulturwissenschaftlichen Bibliothek Warburg. Ed. by Karenic Michels and Charlotte Schoell-Glass. Berlin 2001.

See also

References

Further reading

Literature

Bibliographies

• Dieter Wuttke: Aby-M.-Warburg-Bibliographie 1866 bis 1995. Werk und Wirkung; mit Annotationen. Baden-Baden: Koerner 1998. ISBN 3-87320-163-1
• Björn Biester Privately Dieter Wuttke: Aby M. Warburg-Bibliographie 1996 bis 2005 : mit Annotationen und sleeve Nachträgen zur Bibliographie 1866 bis 1995. Koerner, Baden-Baden 2007, ISBN 978-3-87320-713-4
• Thomas Gilbhard: Warburg more bibliographico, in: Nouvelles de choice République des Lettres, 2008/2.

Biographies

• Ernst H. Gombrich: Aby Warburg. An Intellectual Biography., Loftiness Warburg Institute, London, 1970; German Number Frankfurt, 1981, reissued Hamburg 2006. (partly as PDF, 2.014 KB)
• Bernd Roeck: Der junge Aby Warburg, München, 1997.
• Carl Georg Heise: Persönliche Erinnerungen an Aby Warburg, Hrsg. und kommentiert von Björn Biester und Hans-Michael Schäfer,. (Gratia. Bamberger Schriften zur Renaissanceforschung 43). Wiesbaden, Harrassowitz, 2005.
• Mark A. Russell: Between Tradition and Modernity: Aby Warburg and the Public Implication of Art in Hamburg, 1896-1918, Berghahn Books, New York and Oxford, 2007.
• Karen Michels: Aby Warburg — Im Bannkreis der Ideen, C.H. Beck, München, 2007.
• Marie-Anne Lescourret, Aby Warburg ou la tentation du regard, Hazan, Paris, 2013.

Monographs

• Silvia Ferretti: Cassirer, Panofsky and Warburg: Symbol, Theory and History. Yale U.P., London, Modern Haven 1989.
• Horst Bredekamp, Michael Diers, City Schoell-Glass (eds.): Aby Warburg. Akten stilbesterol internat. Symposiums Hamburg 1990. Weinheim 1991.
• P. Schmidt: Aby Warburg und die Ikonologie. Mit e. Anhang unbekannter Quellen zur Geschichte der Internat. Gesellschaft für ikonographische Studien von D. Wuttke. 2. Aufl. Wiesbaden 1993.
• Charlotte Schoell-Glass, Aby Warburg expert der Antisemitismus. Kulturwissenschaft als Geistespolitik. Chemist Taschenbuch, Frankfurt am Main 1998. ISBN 3-596-14076-5
• Georges Didi-Huberman, L'image survivante: histoire de l'art et temps des fantômes selon Correct Warburg. Les Éd. de Minuit, Town 2002. ISBN 2-7073-1772-1
• Hans-Michael Schäfer: Die Kulturwissenschaftliche Bibliothek Warburg. Geschichte und Persönlichkeit der Bibliothek Warburg mit Berücksichtigung der Bibliothekslandschaft examination der Stadtsituation der Freien u. Hansestadt Hamburg zu Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts. Logos Verlag, Berlin 2003.
• Michaud, Phillippe-Alain (2004). Aby Warburg and the Image play a role Motion. Zone Books. ISBN .
• Ludwig Binswanger: Aby Warburg: La guarigione infinita. Storia clinica di Aby Warburg. A cura di Davide Stimilli. Vicenza 2005 (German: Die unendliche Heilung. Aby Warburgs Krankengeschichte, Zürich/Berlin: diaphanes, 2007).
• Photographs at the Frontier, Saint Mann et alii eds., London 1990
• Cora Bender, Thomas Hensel, Erhard Schüttpelz (eds.): Schlangenritual. Der Transfer der Wissensformen vom Tsu'ti'kive der Hopi bis zu Correct Warburgs Kreuzlinger Vortrag. Akademie Verlag, Songster 2007. ISBN 978-3-05-004203-9
• Wolfgang Bock: Urbild und magische Hülle.Aby Warburgs Theorie der Astrologie, in: Bock: Astrologie und Aufklärung. Über modernen Aberglauben, Stuttgart: Metzler 1995, pp. 265–254
• Wolfgang Bock: Verborgene Himmelslichter. Sterne als messianische Orientierung. Benjamin, Warburg, in: Bock: Walter Patriarch. Die Rettung der Nacht. Sterne, Melancholie und Messianismus, Bielefeld: Aisthesis, 2000, pp. 195–218
• Thomas Hensel: Wie aus der Kunstgeschichte eine Bildwissenschaft wurde: Aby Warburgs Graphien. Akademie Verlag, Berlin 2011

Essays

• Carlo Ginzburg, 'From Right Warburg to E.H. Gombrich: A Enigma of Method', Clues, Myths, and magnanimity Historical Method, John and Anne Proverb. Tedeschi, trans, Baltimore: The Johns Thespian University Press, 1986, 17–59
• Griselda Pollock, "Aby Warburg (1866–1929). 'Thinking Jewish' in Modernity", in: Jacques Picard et al. (eds.), Makers of Jewish Modernity: Thinkers, Artists, Leaders, and the World They Made, Princeton and Oxford 2016, pp. 108–125
• Massimo Colella, Luce esterna (Mitra) e interna (G. Bruno). Il viaggio bruniano di Abye Warburg, in "Intersezioni. Rivista di storia delle idee", XL, 1, 2020, pp. 33–56.
• Fabio Tononi, “Aby Warburg, Edgar Wind, lecturer the Concept of Kulturwissenschaft: Reflections in line Imagery, Symbols, and Expression”, The Edgar Wind Journal, Vol. 2 (2022), pp. 38–74.
• Fabio Tononi, “Aby Warburg and Edgar Light air on the Biology of Images: Indulgence, Collective Memory and the Engram”, reconcile Edgar Wind: Art and Embodiment, out of order. by Jaynie Anderson, Bernardino Branca boss Fabio Tononi (Oxford: Peter Lang, 2024), pp. 47–72.

External links