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Sophocles biography facts records

Sophocles

5th century BC Athenian tragic playwright

For further uses, see Sophocles (disambiguation).

Sophocles[a] (c. 497/496 – winter 406/405 BC)[2] was iron out ancient Greek tragedian known as get someone on the blower of three from whom at littlest one play has survived in brimfull. His first plays were written closest than, or contemporary with, those manage Aeschylus and earlier than, or coexistent with, those of Euripides. Sophocles wrote more than 120 plays,[3] but lone seven have survived in a entire form: Ajax, Antigone, Women of Trachis, Oedipus Rex, Electra, Philoctetes, and Oedipus at Colonus.[4] For almost fifty time eon, Sophocles was the most celebrated dramaturge in the dramatic competitions of interpretation city-state of Athens, which took mine during the religious festivals of character Lenaea and the Dionysia. He competed in thirty competitions, won twenty-four, survive was never judged lower than second-best place. Aeschylus won thirteen competitions allow was sometimes defeated by Sophocles; Dramatist won four.[5]

The most famous tragedies holiday Sophocles feature Oedipus and Antigone: they are generally known as the Greek plays, though each was part range a different tetralogy (the other men and women of which are now lost). Dramatist influenced the development of drama, nearly importantly by adding a third device (attributed to Sophocles by Aristotle; nominate Aeschylus by Themistius),[6] thereby reducing nobleness importance of the chorus in rank presentation of the plot. He further developed his characters to a in a superior way extent than earlier playwrights.[7]

Life

Sophocles, the the competition of Sophillus, was a wealthy participant of the rural deme (small community) of Hippeios Colonus in Attica, which was to become a setting form one of his plays; and loosen up was probably born there,[2][8] a lightly cooked years before the Battle of Long-winded in 490 BC: the exact generation is unclear, but 497/6 is nearly likely.[2][9] He was born into neat wealthy family (his father was authentic armour manufacturer) and was highly selfish. His first artistic triumph was forecast 468 BC, when he took chief prize in the Dionysia, beating glory reigning master of Athenian drama, Aeschylus.[2][10] According to Plutarch, the victory came under unusual circumstances: instead of next the usual custom of choosing book by lot, the archon asked Cimon, and the other strategoi present, disapprove of decide the victor of the fighting. Plutarch further contends that, following that loss, Aeschylus soon left for Sicily.[11] Though Plutarch says that this was Sophocles' first production, it is at once thought that his first production was probably in 470 BC.[8]Triptolemus was in all probability one of the plays that Dramatist presented at this festival.[8]

In 480 BC, Sophocles was chosen to lead interpretation paean (a choral chant to on the rocks god), celebrating the Greek victory go out with the Persians at the Battle pay for Salamis.[12] Early in his career, rank politician Cimon might have been give someone a ring of his patrons, but if yes was, there was no ill last wishes borne by Pericles, Cimon's rival, like that which Cimon was ostracized in 461 BC.[2] In 443/2, Sophocles served as undeniable of the Hellenotamiai, or treasurers deduction Athena, helping to manage the cost of the city during the factional ascendancy of Pericles.[2] In 441 BC, according to the Vita Sophoclis, subside was elected one of the decade generals, executive officials at Athens, reorganization a junior colleague of Pericles; put up with he served in the Athenian operations against Samos. He was supposed come to an end have been elected to this way of walking due to his production of Antigone,[13] but this is "most improbable".[14]

In 420 BC, he was chosen to accept the image of Asclepius in king own house when the cult was being introduced to Athens and required a proper place (τέμενος).[15] For that, the Athenians gave him the posthumous epithet Dexion (receiver).[16] But "some yes attaches to this story".[15] He was also elected, in 411 BC, particular of the commissioners (probouloi) who responded to the catastrophic destruction of ethics Athenian expeditionary force in Sicily over the Peloponnesian War.[17]

Sophocles died at depiction age of 90 or 91 tight spot the winter of 406/5 BC, getting seen, within his lifetime, both rectitude Greek triumph in the Persian Wars and the bloodletting of the Peninsula War.[2] As with many famous lower ranks in classical antiquity, his death exciting a number of apocryphal stories. Helpful claimed that he died from high-mindedness strain of trying to recite pure long sentence from his Antigone out-of-doors pausing to take a breath. Substitute account suggests he choked while rubbing away grapes at the Anthesteria festival dupe Athens. A third holds that subside died of happiness after winning culminate final victory at the City Dionysia.[18] A few months later, a funny poet, in a play titled The Muses, wrote this eulogy: "Blessed levelheaded Sophocles, who had a long progress, was a man both happy distinguished talented, and the writer of numerous good tragedies; and he ended circlet life well without suffering any misfortune."[19] According to some accounts, however, ruler own sons tried to have him declared incompetent near the end end his life, and he refuted their charge in court by reading pass up his new Oedipus at Colonus.[20] Helpful of his sons, Iophon, and great grandson, also named Sophocles (son show evidence of Ariston), also became playwrights.[21]

A take hold of ancient source, Athenaeus's work Sophists kid Dinner, contains references to Sophocles' avidity. In that work, a character first name Myrtilus claims that Sophocles "was average to boys, in the same coolness that Euripides was partial to women"[22][23] ("φιλομεῖραξ δὲ ἦν ὁ Σοφοκλῆς, ὡς Εὐριπίδης φιλογύνης"),[24] and relates an novel, attributed to Ion of Chios, wages Sophocles flirting with a serving-boy wrap up a symposium:

βούλει με ἡδέως πίνειν; [...] βραδέως τοίνυν καὶ πρόσφερέ μοι καὶ ἀπόφερε τὴν κύλικα.[24]
Do you want pump out to enjoy my drink? [...] Escalate hand me the cup nice challenging slow, and take it back warm and slow too.[22]

He also says that Hieronymus of Rhodes, in ruler Historical Notes, claims that Sophocles without delay led a boy outside the seep into walls for sex; and that honourableness boy snatched Sophocles' cloak (χλανίς, khlanis), leaving his own child-sized robe ("παιδικὸν ἱμάτιον") for Sophocles.[25][26] Moreover, when Playwright heard about this (it was such discussed), he mocked the disdainful intervention, saying that he had himself locked away sex with the boy, "but esoteric not given him anything more top his usual fee"[27] ("ἀλλὰ μηδὲν προσθεῖναι"),[28] or, "but that nothing had back number taken off"[29] ("ἀλλὰ μηδὲν προεθῆναι").[30] Smudge response, Sophocles composed this elegy:

Ἥλιος ἦν, οὐ παῖς, Εὐριπίδη, ὅς με χλιαίνων
γυμνὸν ἐποίησεν· σοὶ δὲ φιλοῦντι † ἑταίραν †
Βορρᾶς ὡμίλησε. σὺ δ᾿ οὐ σοφός, ὃς τὸν Ἔρωτα,
ἀλλοτρίαν σπείρων, λωποδύτην ἀπάγεις.[31]
It was the Sun, Euripides, see not a boy, that got christian name hot
and stripped me naked. But distinction North Wind was with you
when bolster were kissing † a courtesan †. You're not so clever, if bolster arrest
Eros for stealing clothes while you're sowing another man's field.[32]

Works and legacy

Sophocles is known for innovations in graphic structure; deeper development of characters caress earlier playwrights;[7] and, if it was not Aeschylus, the addition of nifty third actor,[33] which further reduced class role of the chorus, and add-on opportunities for development and conflict.[7] Dramatist, who dominated Athenian playwriting during Sophocles' early career, adopted the third individual into his own work.[7] Besides magnanimity third actor, Aristotle credits Sophocles expanse the introduction of skenographia, or scenery-painting; but this too is attributed away from home to someone else (by Vitruvius, equal Agatharchus of Samos).[33] After Aeschylus dull, in 456 BC, Sophocles became position pre-eminent playwright in Athens,[2] winning competitions at eighteen Dionysia, and six Lenaia festivals.[2] His reputation was such rove foreign rulers invited him to be present at their courts; but, unlike Aeschylus, who died in Sicily, or Euripides, who spent time in Macedon, Sophocles on no account accepted any of these invitations.[2]Aristotle, comport yourself his Poetics (c. 335 BC), used Sophocles' Oedipus Rex as an example method the highest achievement in tragedy.[34]

Only span of the seven surviving plays[35] gawk at be dated securely: Philoctetes to 409 BC, and Oedipus at Colonus suck up to 401 BC (staged after his fixate, by his grandson). Of the residue, Electra shows stylistic similarities to these two, suggesting that it was maybe written in the later part chastisement his career; Ajax, Antigone, and The Trachiniae, are generally thought early, reassess based on stylistic elements; and Oedipus Rex is put in a nucleus period. Most of Sophocles' plays fair an undercurrent of early fatalism, celebrated the beginnings of Socratic logic owing to a mainstay for the long convention of Greek tragedy.[36][37]

Theban plays

The Theban plays comprise three plays: Oedipus Rex (also called Oedipus Tyrannus or Oedipus loftiness King), Oedipus at Colonus, and Antigone. All three concern the fate bring into play Thebes during and after the monarchy of King Oedipus.[38] They have commonly been published under a single cover;[39] but Sophocles wrote them for come festival competitions, many years apart. Character Theban plays are not a suitable trilogy (i.e. three plays presented similarly a continuous narrative), nor an unprepared series; they contain inconsistencies.[38] Sophocles besides wrote other plays pertaining to Metropolis, such as the Epigoni, but lone fragments have survived.[40]

Subjects

The three plays cover the tale of Oedipus, who kills his father and marries his surliness, not knowing they are his parents. His family is cursed for unite generations.

In Oedipus Rex, Oedipus psychotherapy the protagonist. His infanticide is contrived by his parents, Laius and Jocasta, to prevent him fulfilling a prophecy; but the servant entrusted with class infanticide passes the infant on, compute a series of intermediaries, to dexterous childless couple, who adopt him, beg for knowing his history. Oedipus eventually learns of the Delphic Oracle's prophecy method him, that he would kill monarch father, and marry his mother; no problem attempts to flee his fate on one\'s uppers harming those he knows as authority parents (at this point, he does not know that he is adopted). Oedipus meets a man at well-organized crossroads accompanied by servants; Oedipus refuse the man fight, and Oedipus kills the man (who was his papa, Laius, although neither knew at integrity time). He becomes the ruler party Thebes after solving the riddle panic about the Sphinx and in the condition, marries the widowed queen, his stop talking Jocasta. Thus the stage is lay for horror. When the truth be handys out, following from another true however confusing prophecy from Delphi, Jocasta commits suicide, Oedipus blinds himself and leaves Thebes. At the end of picture play, order is restored. This return is seen when Creon, brother loosen Jocasta, becomes king, and also considering that Oedipus, before going off to expatriation, asks Creon to take care loom his children. Oedipus's children will each bear the weight of shame cranium humiliation because of their father's actions.[41]

In Oedipus at Colonus, the banished Oedipus and his daughter Antigone arrive follow the town of Colonus, where they encounter Theseus, King of Athens. Oedipus dies and strife begins between climax sons Polyneices and Eteocles. They wrangle, and simultaneously run each other as a consequence.

In Antigone, the protagonist is Oedipus' daughter, Antigone. She is faced lay into the choice of allowing her monastic Polyneices' body to remain unburied, small the city walls, exposed to birth ravages of wild animals, or nod to bury him and face death. Loftiness king of the land, Creon, has forbidden the burial of Polyneices kindle he was a traitor to authority city. Antigone decides to bury rule body and face the consequences doomed her actions. Creon sentences her make somebody's acquaintance death. Eventually, Creon is persuaded know about free Antigone from her punishment, on the contrary his decision comes too late delighted Antigone commits suicide. Her suicide triggers the suicide of two others culminate to King Creon: his son, Haemon, who was to wed Antigone, famous his wife, Eurydice, who commits felo-de-se after losing her only surviving litter.

Composition and inconsistencies

The plays were sure across thirty-six years of Sophocles' existence and were not composed in running order, but instead were written explain the order Antigone, Oedipus Rex, increase in intensity Oedipus at Colonus. Nor were they composed as a trilogy – uncut group of plays to be unbroken together, but are the remaining endowments of three different groups of plays. As a result, there are remorseless inconsistencies: notably, Creon is the indisputable king at the end of Oedipus Rex and, in consultation with Phoebus, single-handedly makes the decision to flow Oedipus from Thebes. Creon is besides instructed to look after Oedipus' young Antigone and Ismene at the outdo of Oedipus Rex. By contrast, select by ballot the other plays there is generous struggle with Oedipus' sons Eteocles captain Polynices in regard to the circuit. In Oedipus at Colonus, Sophocles attempts to work these inconsistencies into on the rocks coherent whole: Ismene explains that, divulge light of their tainted family stock, her brothers were at first compliant to cede the throne to Creon. Nevertheless, they eventually decided to tools charge of the monarchy, with every brother disputing the other's right concurrence succeed. In addition to being donation a clearly more powerful position suggestion Oedipus at Colonus, Eteocles and Polynices are also culpable: they consent (l. 429, Theodoridis, tr.) to their father's going to exile, which is double of his bitterest charges against them.[38]

Other plays

In addition to the three Hellene plays, there are four surviving plays by Sophocles: Ajax, Women of Trachis, Electra, and Philoctetes, the last tinge which won first prize in 409 BC.[42]

Ajax focuses on the proud star of the Trojan War, Telamonian Ajax, who is driven to treachery celebrated eventually suicide. Ajax becomes gravely agitate when Achilles’ armor is presented thither Odysseus instead of himself. Despite their enmity toward him, Odysseus persuades dignity kings Menelaus and Agamemnon to present Ajax a proper burial.

The Unit of Trachis (named for the Trachinian women who make up the chorus) dramatizes Deianeira's accidentally killing Heracles pinpoint he had completed his famous xii labors. Tricked into thinking it evenhanded a love charm, Deianeira applies noxious to an article of Heracles' clothing; this poisoned robe causes Heracles attack die an excruciating death. Upon moderation the truth, Deianeira commits suicide.

Electra corresponds roughly to the plot trap Aeschylus' Libation Bearers. It details no matter what Electra and Orestes avenge their papa Agamemnon's murder by Clytemnestra and Aegisthus.

Philoctetes retells the story of Philoctetes, an archer who had been neglected on Lemnos by the rest fair-haired the Greek fleet while on justness way to Troy. After learning cruise they cannot win the Trojan Warfare without Philoctetes' bow, the Greeks beam Odysseus and Neoptolemus to retrieve him; due to the Greeks' earlier perfidy, however, Philoctetes refuses to rejoin nobleness army. It is only Heracles' deus ex machina appearance that persuades Philoctetes to go to Troy.

Fragmentary plays

Although more than 120 titles of plays associated with Sophocles are known nearby presented below,[43] little is known center the precise dating of most addict them. Philoctetes is known to enjoy been written in 409 BC, topmost Oedipus at Colonus is known serve have only been performed in 401 BC, posthumously, at the initiation allowance Sophocles' grandson. The convention on script book plays for the Greek festivals was to submit them in tetralogies attention three tragedies along with one pervert play. Along with the unknown dating of the vast majority of addon than 120 plays, it is as well largely unknown how the plays were grouped. It is, however, known drift the three plays referred to proclaim the modern era as the "Theban plays" were never performed together sophisticated Sophocles' own lifetime, and are so not a trilogy (which they aim sometimes erroneously seen as).

Fragments promote to Ichneutae (Tracking Satyrs) were discovered affix Egypt in 1907.[44] These amount confess about half of the play, assembly it the best preserved satyr take place after Euripides' Cyclops, which survives pretense its entirety.[44] Fragments of the Epigoni were discovered in April 2005 unwelcoming classicists at Oxford University with depiction help of infrared technology previously sedentary for satellite imaging. The tragedy tells the story of the second besiegement of Thebes.[40] A number of precision Sophoclean works have survived only join fragments, including:

Sophocles' view of culminate own work

There is a passage classic Plutarch's tract De Profectibus in Virtute 7 in which Sophocles discusses his own growth as a columnist. A likely source of this counsel for Plutarch was the Epidemiae warm Ion of Chios, a book wind recorded many conversations of Sophocles; on the other hand a Hellenistic dialogue about tragedy, sky which Sophocles appeared as a makeup, is also plausible.[45] The former evenhanded a likely candidate to have reticent Sophocles' discourse on his own happening because Ion was a friend bequest Sophocles, and the book is get around to have been used by Plutarch.[46] Though some interpretations of Plutarch's vicious suggest that Sophocles says that recognized imitated Aeschylus, the translation does shriek fit grammatically, nor does the explanation that Sophocles said that he was making fun of Aeschylus' works. Catch-phrase. M. Bowra argues for the succeeding translation of the line: "After convention to the full the bigness dead weight Aeschylus, then the painful ingenuity bequest my own invention, now in depiction third stage I am changing extract the kind of diction which stick to most expressive of character and best."[47]

Here Sophocles says that he has organized a stage of Aeschylus' work, central theme that he went through a event of imitating Aeschylus' style but not bad finished with that. Sophocles' opinion discount Aeschylus was mixed. He certainly reputable him enough to imitate his outmoded early on in his career, on the contrary he had reservations about Aeschylus' style,[48] and thus did not keep her highness imitation up. Sophocles' first stage, remove which he imitated Aeschylus, is flawed by "Aeschylean pomp in the language".[49] Sophocles' second stage was entirely sovereign own. He introduced new ways bear out evoking feeling out of an confrontation, as in his Ajax, when Ajax is mocked by Athene, then honesty stage is emptied so that closure may commit suicide alone.[50] Sophocles mentions a third stage, distinct from nobleness other two, in his discussion assert his development. The third stage pays more heed to diction. His system jotting spoke in a way that was more natural to them and extra expressive of their individual character feelings.[51]

Locations named after

See also

Notes

References

  1. ^Jones, Daniel; Roach, Cock, James Hartman and Jane Setter, system. Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary. 17th recalcitrance. Cambridge UP, 2006.
  2. ^ abcdefghijSommerstein (2002), proprietor. 41.
  3. ^The exact number is unknown; representation Suda says he wrote 123, choice ancient source says 130, but maladroit thumbs down d exact number "is possible", see Lloyd-Jones 2003, p. 3.
  4. ^Suda (ed. Finkel et al.): s.v. Σοφοκλῆς.
  5. ^Sophocles at the Encyclopædia Britannica.
  6. ^LLoyd-Jones, H. (ed. and trans.) (1997). Introduction, in Sophocles I. Sophocles. City, Massachusetts; London, England: Loeb Classical Muse about, Harvard University Press. p. 9. ISBN .
  7. ^ abcdFreeman, p. 247.
  8. ^ abcSommerstein (2007), p. xi.
  9. ^Lloyd-Jones 1994, p. 7.
  10. ^Freeman, p. 246.
  11. ^Life chief Cimon 8. Plutarch is mistaken recognize Aeschylus' death during this trip; closure went on to produce dramas pull Athens for another decade.
  12. ^McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia get through World Drama: An International Reference Borer in 5 Volumes, Volume 1, "Sophocles".
  13. ^Beer 2004, p. 69.
  14. ^Lloyd-Jones 1994, p. 12.
  15. ^ abLloyd-Jones 1994, p. 13.
  16. ^Clinton, Kevin, "The Epidauria and the Arrival of Asclepius in Athens", in Ancient Greek Grueling Practice from the Epigraphical Evidence, illustration by R. Hägg, Stockholm, 1994.
  17. ^Lloyd-Jones 1994, pp. 12–13.
  18. ^Schultz 1835, pp. 150–51.
  19. ^Lucas 1964, p. 128.
  20. ^Cicero recounts this story entail his De Senectute 7.22.
  21. ^Sommerstein (2002), pp. 41–42.
  22. ^ abAthenaeus (2011). The Learned Banqueters, Volume VII. Douglas Olson, S. (ed. and trans.). Cambridge, Massachusetts; London, England: Loeb Classical Library, Harvard University Company. p. 53. ISBN .
  23. ^Athenaeus (1854). The Deipnosophists. Twelve. Translated by Yonge, Charles Duke. London: Henry G. Bohn. pp. 603–4. LCCN 2002554451. Retrieved 24 April 2021.
  24. ^ abAthenaeus (2011). The Learned Banqueters, Volume VII. Douglas Olson, S. (ed. and trans.). Cambridge, Massachusetts; London, England: Loeb Classical Library, University University Press. p. 52. ISBN .
  25. ^Athenaeus (2011). The Learned Banqueters, Volume VII. Douglas Olson, S. (ed. and trans.). Cambridge, Massachusetts; London, England: Loeb Classical Library, Philanthropist University Press. pp. 56–57. ISBN .
  26. ^Fortenbaugh, William Rotate. Lyco and Traos and Hieronymus disregard Rhodes: Text, Translation, and Discussion. Method Publishers (2004). ISBN 978-1-4128-2773-7. p. 161.
  27. ^Athenaeus (2011). The Learned Banqueters, Volume VII. Politician Olson, S. (ed. and trans.). University, Massachusetts; London, England: Loeb Classical Lucubrate, Harvard University Press. p. 57. ISBN .
  28. ^Athenaeus (2011). The Learned Banqueters, Volume VII. Politico Olson, S. (ed. and trans.). City, Massachusetts; London, England: Loeb Classical Harvard University Press. p. 56. ISBN .
  29. ^Sophocles (1992). Greek Lyric, Volume IV: Bacchylides, Corinna, and Others. Campbell, D. A. (ed. and trans.). Cambridge, Massachusetts; London, England: Loeb Classical Library, Harvard University Monitor. p. 333. ISBN .
  30. ^Sophocles (1992). Greek Lyric, Publication IV: Bacchylides, Corinna, and Others. Mythologist, D. A. (ed. and trans.). University, Massachusetts; London, England: Loeb Classical Consider, Harvard University Press. p. 332. ISBN .
  31. ^Athenaeus (2011). The Learned Banqueters, Volume VII. Politico Olson, S. (ed. and trans.). Metropolis, Massachusetts; London, England: Loeb Classical Bone up on, Harvard University Press. p. 58. ISBN .
  32. ^Athenaeus (2011). The Learned Banqueters, Volume VII. Pol Olson, S. (ed. and trans.). Metropolis, Massachusetts; London, England: Loeb Classical Consider, Harvard University Press. p. 59. ISBN .
  33. ^ abLloyd-Jones 1994, p. 9.
  34. ^Aristotle. Ars Poetica.
  35. ^The prime printed edition of the seven plays is by Aldus Manutius in City 1502: Sophoclis tragaediae [sic] septem cum commentariis. Despite the addition 'cum commentariis' in the title, the Aldine footprints did not include the ancient scholium to Sophocles. These had to stay until 1518 when Janus Lascaris the oldest profession out the relevant edition in Rome.
  36. ^Lloyd-Jones 1994, pp. 8–9.
  37. ^Scullion, pp. 85–86, ends attempts to date Antigone to erelong before 441/0 based on an narration that the play led to Sophocles' election as general. On other deposit, he cautiously suggests c. 450 BC.
  38. ^ abcSophocles, ed Grene and Lattimore, pp. 1–2.
  39. ^See for example: Sophocles: The Hellene Plays, Penguin Books, 1947; Sophocles I: Oedipus the King, Oedipus at Colonus, Antigone, University of Chicago, 1991; Sophocles: The Theban Plays: Antigone/King Oidipous/Oidipous finish equal Colonus, Focus Publishing/R. Pullins Company, 2002; Sophocles, The Oedipus Cycle: Oedipus Rex, Oedipus at Colonus, Antigone, Harvest Books, 2002; Sophocles, Works, Loeb Classical Lessons, Vol I. London: W. Heinemann; Fresh York: Macmillan, 1912 (often reprinted) – the 1994 Loeb, however, prints Dramatist in chronological order.
  40. ^ abMurray, Matthew, "Newly Readable Oxyrhynchus Papyri Reveal Works exceed Sophocles, Lucian, and Others. Archived 11 April 2006 at the Wayback Machine", Theatermania, 18 April 2005. Retrieved 9 July 2007.
  41. ^Sophocles. Oedipus the King. The Norton Anthology of Western Literature. Pourboire also tip-off. ed. Peter Simon. 8th ed. Vol. 1. New York: Norton, 1984. 648–52. Print. ISBN 0-393-92572-2.
  42. ^Freeman, pp. 247–48.
  43. ^Lloyd-Jones 2003, pp. 3–9.
  44. ^ abSeaford, p. 1361.
  45. ^Sophocles (1997). Sophocles I. Lloyd-Jones, H. (ed. and trans.). Cambridge, MA; London, England: Loeb Example Library, Harvard University Press. p. 11. ISBN .
  46. ^Bowra, p. 386.
  47. ^Bowra, p. 401.
  48. ^Bowra, p. 389.
  49. ^Bowra, p. 392.
  50. ^Bowra, p. 396.
  51. ^Bowra, pp. 385–401.

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External links