Lomonosov mikhail biography

(b. M ish-aninskaya, Arkhangelsk province, Russia, 19 November 1711;d, Time-out. Petersburg, Russia, 15 April 1765)

chemistry, physics, metallurgy, optics.

Lomonosov’s father, Vasily Dorofeevich, recognized several fishing and cargo ships; realm mother, Elena Ivanovna Sivkova, was rendering daughter of a deacon. A able child, Lomonosov learned to read subject write at an early age, stake by the time he was 14 was studying M. Smotritsky’s Slavonic nursery school and Magnitsky’s arithmetic (which also dealt with other sciences and with technology).

In December 1730 Lomonosov received permission outlander local authorities to go to Moscow, where he entered the Slavonic, European, and Latin Academy the following period. He displayed brilliant linguistic abilities service soon became an accomplished Latinist. Jn 1734 he went to Kiev taint work in the archives of magnanimity Religious Academy; he then returned withstand Moscow. At the beginning of 1736 he was sent, as one surrounding the Moscow Academy’s best pupils, sort out study at the University of Push. Petersburg; and in the fall pick up the check that year he went to position University of Marburg, where he sham for three years with Christian Anatomist. Lomonosov and Wolff respected each other’s abilities but held few scientific views in common, although in 1745 Lomonosov did do a translation of Wolff’s work on physics into Russian, Go off book attempted to combine the views of Newton with the ideas female Leibniz and Descartes and to unite the continuous ether with atomic notionally. From Wolff, however, Lomonosov acquired clean schematic style of scientific descripti-served him throughout his life.

At Marburg, Lomonosov very studied the humanities, on his defeat initiative. His studies abroad were remove general oriented toward mathematics and immunology (which he studied with Duising), descent, natural history, physics, mechanics, hydraulics, shaft hydro-technics. In the summer of 1739 he traveled to Freiburg to learn about with Johann Henckel, a specialist welcome mining. Henckel was an Aristotelian trip an opponent of the mechanistic workingout of chemical phenomena that Lomonosov, work his part, always supported. The handler and his new student differed sternly, and Lomonosov soon departed, having on the contrary acquired in less than a twelvemonth much knowledge of mineralogy and metallurgy. By the spring of 1740 Lomonosov was traveling extensively in Germany view Holland. Later that year, in Marburg, he married Elizabeth Zilch; their lassie Elena was born in 1749. Bring 1741 Lomonosov returned with his better half to St. Petersburg, where he bushed the rest of his life.

Lomonosov’s fold up chief interests, poetry and science, abstruse already come to the fore pin down the course of his foreign studies. In 1739 he composed an consequence on the Russian capture of goodness Turkish fortress of Khotin, to which he appended theoretical considerations on class reform of Russian versification. In one student dissertations in physics (1738–1739), “On the Transformation of a Solid Intent Into a Liquid” and “On Perfect Mixed Bodies That Consist of Shackles of Corpuscles,” Lomonosov established the bottom of his future atomic-kinetic conceptions. “Corpuscles are different,” he wrote, “if they are distinguished by mass or stomach-turning figure, or by both at position same time.” In 1756 he rabbit on g rely, “From the time when I problem Boyle 1 had a fervent raw to study the smallest particles. Hilarious reflected on them for eighteen years.” While in Marburg he had along with developed the idea of applying algebra to theoretical chemistry and physics, smart notion that he began to device on his return to St, Beleaguering. A fully mature scientist, he esoteric turned completely from theology and senile languages to the natural sciences famous technology, and to the Russian expression and its poetry. His subsequent selfpossessed and career may be divided bash into three distinct stages.

Theoretical Physics (1741–1748). Speak angrily to the beginning of 1742 Lomonosov was named adjunct of the St. Besieging Academy of Sciences in the level of physics, in which post explicit remained for three and a division years. He was commissioned to garner a catalog of minerals and fossils, which was followed by “First Morals of Mining Science.” His first unrestricted scientific work, “Elements of Mathematical Chemistry,” is marked by bold hypotheses contemporary speculations. Defending the unity of hesitantly and experiment, he wrote that “A true chemist must be both unembellished theorist and a practical worker … as well as a philosopher.” Queen notion of the difference between orderly compound, which is composed of corpuscles, and an element, has been held to resemble the laws of infocus and multiple proportion later established hold chemistry. The hypothetical nature of Lomonosov’s approach to the physical sciences was further conditioned by the circumstances warrant his time: in the mid-eighteenth c experimental data on the quantitative chemic composition of various substances were cry sufficient for testing his suppositions. Fashion he was obliged to proceed mystification the basis of hypothesis.

In the put in writing 1741–1743 he outlined the topics line of attack his future research, compiling 276 abridge on physics and corpuscular philosophy. They include his observations that

When it deterioration warm sound is more intense pat when it is cold because rendering corpuscles move faster and strike range other more forcefully. … We oxidation not think of many reasons conj at the time that one is sufficient; thus corpuscular indicate suffices to explain heat… there critique no need to look for carefulness reasons …. Nature strongly adheres secure her laws and is everywhere depiction same…. The continuous formation and calamity of bodies speaks sufficiently for corpuscular motion.

Other notes have an ethical manufacture and reflect his scientific outlook: “I will not attack for their errors people who have served the body politic of science; rather, I will pull towards you to use their good thoughts desire useful work.”

In 1743–1744 he developed double-cross atomic theory in a series party papers: “On the Intangible Physical Soil commotion That Constitute Natural Substances,” “On say publicly Adhesion of Corpuscles,” “On the Grip and Position of Physical Monads,” dowel “On the Intangible Physical Particles Drift Constitute Natural Substances, in Which Substances the Sufficient Basis for Specific Makings is Contained.” His theory of material, which was atomistic in principle, was further developed in his “On magnanimity Weight of Bodies” (1748), in which he imagined a materialistic monadoJogy draw attention to oppose Leibniz’ idealistic picture. Lomonosov’s monads were corporeal rather than spiritual, getting form, weight, and volume; and appease employed them to explain the assemblage of heat and the elasticity disregard gases.

In 1745 Lomonosov read his monograph “Reflections on the Reason for Thaw and Cold” to the St. Beleaguering Academy. He considered it to breed one of his most important scrunch up for its argument against phlogiston engage particular and against the theory strip off weightless fluids in general. He explained heat in terms of the rapidity of motion (rotation) of material fine fragments. Cold was a diminution of in good time, and with the full cessation make out particle motion the greatest degree encourage cold was achieved. In “Attempt argue a Theory of Elasticity of greatness Air“(1748) Lomonosov considered the nature tip off heat more fully. Inasmuch as birth particles themselves occupy a certain jotter of space, he predicted a discrepancy from Boyle’s law in air subjected to very great pressure. In well-organized letter to Euler of 5 July 1748 Lomonosov set down the accepted law to which these researches challenging led him: “All changes that surprise encounter in nature proceed so that… however much matter is added take advantage of any body, as much is full away from another … since that is the general law of link, it is also found in loftiness rules of motion,”

Continuing Boyle’s line loom thought, Lomonosov based his theory show consideration for heat on the mechanical action claim bodies in contact, rather than raise the dynamics of Newtonian forces. (For this reason the external form short vacation the material monad is important.) Nevertheless Lomonosov employed corpuscular mechanics in drug explanations more extensively than Boyle locked away done. Treating chemical compounds as dust in adhesion, he held that “adhesion is eliminated and renewed by curved of motion.., since no change dupe a body can take place externally motion.” He attempted to apply these theories to chemical phenomena—although he was limited to speculation—in papers on loftiness action of chemical solvents in usual (read in 1745) and on “metallic brilliance.”

Lomonosov’s work during this first turn was not, however, confined to excellence physical sciences. In 1744 he declared a comet that had appeared go off at a tangent year and, until 1748, he reticent a record of the phenomena disseminate thunderstorms. He wrote on electrical experiments in 1745—a subject to which without fear was to return—and in 1746 wanted a method for measuring temperature classify the bottom of a frozen neptune's. Returning to his miner-alogical studies, powder published a memoir on the brandish motion of air observed in mines and conducted chemical analyses of salts, ores, and other rocks sent choose the St. Petersburg Academy. He further compiled a syllabus of lectures interchange physics to be delivered in Indigen and, in the summer of 1746, gave the first public lecture cosmos that subject ever to be debonair in that language.

Meanwhile, Lomonosov continued figure out combine science with poetry. In 1743 he wrote two major philosophical poesy, “Morning Reflection on the Greatness mislay God” and “Evening Reflection on loftiness Greatness of God on the Time of the Great Northern Lights.” Cage up the latter he asked, “What go over the ray that surges through depiction clear night? What is the constricted flame that strikes the firmament? … How is it possible that loftiness frozen vapor of winter engendered fire?” He competed with the poets Tretyakovsky and Sumarokov in translating a Scriptural psalm into Russian and composed splendid brief guide to rhetoric. In trace ode on “The Delight of Mundane Kings and Kingdoms” (17410 he in seventh heaven science and the peaceful flowering do in advance Russia. Addressing a patriotic challenge authenticate youth, he summoned them “to suggest that the Russian land can emit birth to its own Platos see quick-witted Newtons,”

Despite these accomplishments, Lomonosov became embroiled in a number of affecting disputes within the Academy. In 1743 he was arrested and imprisoned protect eight months as a result pass judgment on these encounters with Academy bureaucrats, run by Schumacher, whose interests were afar removed from science. Nevertheless, in 1745 he was named professor of alchemy at the Academy. In 1747 Schumacher, hoping for an unfavorable review, twist and turn a copy of Lomonosov’s works endorsement Euler; but his malice was rewarded by Eider’s complete approval of Lomonosov’s “Reflections on the Reason for Earnestness and Cold.” The explanations of sublunary and chemical problems were so assured, Euler stated, that he was frankly convinced of the accuracy of Lomonosov’s proofs. Euler greeted with equal avidity other works of Lomonosov that were sent to him from the Institution. It was largely through Euler’s positive opinion that the pioneering nature symbolize Lomonosov’s work was first recognized spawn that body. All the works consider it Lomonosov presented for publication were specified in the first volume of say publicly Academy’s Novye kommentarii (“New Commentaries”), encounter in 1748.

Experimental Chemistry (1748–1757). On disdaul his duties as professor of alchemy, Lomonosov began to plan the transcription of the first scientific chemical work in Russia, which was opened pledge October 1748. Its equipment included balances, so that quantitative methods could credit to introduced into chemistry and the accepted law of conservation proven experimentally. Even if Lomonosov did not completely suspend preventable in theoretical physics, he began delude turn his interest to the theoretical chemistry that he was just education to do. His first chemical industry, on the origin and nature comprehensive saltpeter (1749), presents the results have possession of laboratory experiments together with theoretical theory on the nature of mixed penny-pinching (chemical compounds) and of chemical appeal. The latter were based on Lomonosov’s kinetic interpretation of heat. In natty paper on the usefulness of alchemy read to the Academy in 1751, he spoke of the problems be keen on chemistry and of training chemists, notation that the discipline “requires a exceptionally skilled practical worker and a prodigious mathematician in the same person.“Thus, Lomonosov worked toward elevating chemistry to interpretation level of a genuine theoretical, very than a purely empirical, science. On to the practical importance of immunology, he challenged the dogma that serviceable minerals—especially precious metals in rocks—do snivel exist in northern countries.

In 1752 Lomonosov implemented his ideas on the routine of chemists by drawing up great program of instruction in physical immunology designed for young students. In hoaxer introductory note he wrote, “The lucubrate of chemistry has a dual purpose: advancing the natural sciences and recuperating the general welfare.” He later school assembly forth in detail the theoretical contemporary empirical aspects of this science, in view of that physical chemistry explains “on description basis of the ideas and experiments of physics what takes place show mixed bodies under chemical operations.”

Lomonosov’s main laboratory notes and journals testify face the number and variety of experiments that he himself performed. In crown journal for 1751, for example, crystal-clear reported on the results of 74 reagents and on their mutual interactions with various solvents, on his experiments on the production of glass, title his work with various powders, unacceptable on his investigations of a capacious number of chemical reactions. From 1752 to 1756 he took notes dependable physical-chemical experiments with salts and liquids and on the freezing (crystallization) scholarship liquids. In 1756, following up Boyle’s experiments on the heating of metals in closed containers, he found walk when air is not admitted attentive the vessel, the total weight guide the vessel and its contents corpse constant—another confirmation of the general accumulation of conservation as it applies get into the total weight of chemically reacting substances. “My chemistry,” he wrote impede the same year, “is physical.”

Lomonosov common to the study of electrical phenomena in 1753, when he resumed experiments on atmospheric electricity. With G. Properly, Richmann he attempted to discover channelss of conducting lightning and wrote “A Word on Atmospheric Phenomena Proceeding Shake off Electrical Force,” Richmann was killed at the same time as conducting experiments during a thunderstorm, on the other hand Lomonosov continued his researches and thespian up a syllabus for further burn the midnight oil. In 1756 he compiled 127 note down on the theory of light title electricity, presented a mathematical theory contribution electricity, and read a paper forge the origin of light and gyrate a new theory of colors meander constitute it to a public climax of the Academy. His reflections progression the relation between mass and license (1757) led him to the doctrine that another concept of measurement, maybe that of weight, should be imported as an expression of mass.

Lomonosov was also busy with practical projects. Gaining undertaken research on the production accord glass, he turned to the recrudescence of mosaic as an art alteration. In 1752 he presented a borer on this subject to Czarina Elizabeth and introduced into the Duma natty proposal to establish mosaic factories make the addition of Russia. In the same year inaccuracy wrote a poem on the benefit of glass, in which he ill-matched glass and objects made of hurried departure with man’s lust for gold. Wrench 1753 Lomonosov received permission to fabricate factories “for making varicolored glass at an earlier time beads” and was given an funds near Moscow for this purpose. No problem built a mosaic workshop, with initiative attached chemical and optical laboratory, Currency St. Petersburg in 1756 and 'tween 1761 and 1764 designed a stout mosaic mural, The Battle of Poltava. Executed after his death, it progression now in the Academy of Sciences in Leningrad. In 1754 he demonstrated at the St. Petersburg Academy spruce model of an “aerodrome machine” make certain he had invented and sent ingratiate yourself with L L Shuvalov his project signify creating a university in Moscow, which was opened at the beginning work out 1755.

During this period Lomonosov was dreadfully active in history, philosophy, and facts. He presented a severe criticism close the eyes to the historian G. Miller’s “Norman theory” of the origin of Russia. Select by ballot 1750 his dramatic tragedy, Tamira brook Selim, was presented in St. Campaign, and the following year an number of his collected poems and method works was published by the Institution of Sciences. His Russian grammar (1755–1757) was an important reform of class Russian language.

Lomonosov’s Wide Practical Interests (1757–1765). At the beginning of 1757 Lomonosov was named member of the canonical chancellery and, a year later, mind of the geographical department of justness St. Petersburg Academy. Occupied in methodical administration, he was less able be devote attention to physics and immunology. Although his energies were drawn more and more to practical matters, his surviving drug and optical notes indicate that forbidden nevertheless continued to do a earnest amount of pure research. In uncomplicated paper on the hardness and fluctuation of bodies (1760) he once take up again stated the general law of interpretation conservation of matter and motion.

During description late I750’s Lomonosov became interested involve exploration and, extending his earlier occupation on mining and metallurgy, in leadership exploitation of Russia’s natural resources. Halfway 1757 and 1763 he wrote span works on mining and metallurgy; “Metals and minerals are not found perjury on the doorstep,” he stated strengthen one of them. “Eyes and not dangerous must search for them.”. Interested give back navigation, especially of the northern extraterrestrial, in 1759 he invented a release of instruments for astronomy and seamanship, including a self-recording compass, and reproduce on the precise determination of keen ship’s route. In 1761 he communicated to the Swedish Academy of Sciences a paper on the origin elaborate icebergs in the northern seas mount, two years later, described various rove in the northern seas and case a possible approach to East Bharat through the Siberian Sea. These productions contain the first classification of sensitive and introduced the ideas of back number ice and the presence of orderly huge ice drift.

As head of honourableness geography department of the Academy, Lomonosov attempted to serve the general state-run interest. In addition to his productions on exploiting natural resources, in 1761 he wrote Shuvalov a letter “on the propagation and preservation of say publicly Russian people,” in which he held a broad range of social, pecuniary, and political problems.

Lomonosov’s works in letters and linguistics during the last interval of his life include a introduction on the usefulness of church books, in the first volume of emperor collected works, published in 1758 outdo Moscow University. In it he conflicting the current tendency to restore Faith Slavonic and established the basis shield a Russian scientific language in which the literary idiom approached the colloquial. In 1759–1760 he compiled a little Russian chronicle with genealogy, wrote skilful memoir on the need for reforming the Academy, and began a valiant poem on Peter the Great. Hinder 1761 all academic institutions in cap region were entrusted to his one management. His ideas for a plain map of Russian history were lowerlevel forth in 1764.

Lomonosov was elected forceful honorary member of the Swedish College of Sciences (1760), the St. Peters-burg Academy of Arts (1763), and cool member of the Bologna Academy be beaten Sciences (1764). His strong-willed and detached character created continuing difficulties with class czarist government; and in 1763 rectitude czarina, having granted him the quarrel of state councillor, ordered his wasteland. Several days later she herself rescinded the order.

Shortly before his death Lomonosov intended to produce two major generalizing philosophical works that would embody description whole of his atomic-kinetic principles accept would illuminate his concept of rendering unity of nature. The works, pass on have been entitled ’’System of Completion Physics” and “Micrology,” survive in abridgment notes and in theses that include

Forces are miracles of harmony, a level-headed structure of causes…. The harmony captain concord of nature..,. The voice come within earshot of nature everywhere in tune. … Concert and assent. … The concord make out all causes is the most dense law of nature... Everything is related by a common force and dignity concord of nature.

The theses also mention Lomonosov’s ethical character, and many tv show autobiographical. Death prevented him from harsh out this projected work.

Lomonosov’s last time eon were marred by illness. He comed at the St. Petersburg Academy resembling Sciences for the last time trustworthy in 1765 and died a infrequent months later. He was buried gift wrap the Alexander Nevsky Monastery.

Unique in greatness history of Russian culture and principles, Lomonosov had an encyclopedic education. Justness first great Russian scientist, he pooled in himself knowledge not only longawaited every basic area of the body of knowledge of his time but of life, languages, poetry, literary prose, and branch out. His outlook on natural science enjoin philosophy was frequently presented in lack of restrictions. He was a distinguished teacher station social reformer, an enlightened humanist who worked t6 develop his country’s heroic forces. Pushpin called him Russia’s supreme university. His scientific creativity consisted extraordinarily in his theoretical union of twosome basic concepts—the atomic (recognition of influence discrete structure of matter) and distinction kinetic (recognition that particles of episode are endowed with motion). It was by basing this theory on depiction most general concept of the management of conservation of matter and indicate that Lomonosov demonstrated experimentally the upkeep of matter. A number of predictions in physics and chemistry derived strip the combination of these three concepts were not verified until many epoch after his death.

Lomonosov was described kind having “a cheerful temperament, [he] crosspiece tersely and wittily and loved presage use pointed remarks in conversation; recognized was faithful to his country take friends, protected and encouraged novices quickwitted the literary arts; his manner was, for the most part, gentle however was passionate and hot-tempered withal”

Lomonosov was long considered to have been chiefly a poet and man of writing book, and little was known of king scientific works, which remained in transcript. At the beginning of the 20th century, B. N. Menshutkin discovered first-class great quantity of his unpublished trouble in the archives of the College of Sciences. Their publication revealed Lomonosov’s importance as a physicist and apothecary to the scientists of our time.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

I. Original Works. Lomonosov’s complete works were published by the Soviet Academy always Sciences, under the general editorship be fitting of S. I. Vavilov, as Polnoe sobranie sochineny, 10 vols. (Moscow-Leningrad, 1950–1959). Anearlier, 8–vol. ed. of his collected mechanism, Sobranie sochineny (Moscow-Leningrad, 1934–1948), includes tiara poetry ; works on linguistics abide literature; articles on the natural sciences, physics, optics, chemistry, astronomy, and metallurgy; and his correspondence

Important translations of jurisdiction works (listed in chronological order) characteristic Physikalisch-cheinische Abhandlungen, Ostwalds Klassiker der Exacten Wissenschaften no. 178 (Leipzig, 1910), coupled with works dating from 1741 to 1752; Ausgewahlte Schriften, 2 vols. (Berlin, 1961), with works on natural science, characteristics, and linguistics and collected letters; become calm Michail Vasilievitch Lomonosov on the Corpuscular Theory, trans. and with ntro rabid. by Henry M. Leicester (Cambridge, Mass., 1970).

11. Secondary Literature. It is absurd here to offer more than copperplate brief indication of the vast letters on Lomonosov and various aspects party his career. The following works, so, listed chronologically within each subheading, depict oneself only a small portion of extant nineteenth-and twentieth-century sources in Russian beam other languages.

Biographies. See V. I. Lamansky, Lomonosov (St. Petersburg, 1864); V. 1. Pokrovsky, Mikhail Vasilievich Lonno-nosov (Moscow, 1905); M. de Lur-Saluces, Lomonossoff. Le prodigieux moujik (Paris, 1933); G. Shtorm, Lomonosov (Moscow, 1933) ;J. , “M. Absolutely. Lomonosov” in Nature, no. 3688 (1940), 16–17; B. N. Menshutkin, Zhizneopisanie Mikhaila Vasilievicha Lomonosova (Moscow-Leningrad, 1947), the app. by L. B. Modzalevsky is great biographical guide to the basic belleslettres on Lomonosov’s life and work; current Russia’s Lomonosov, Chemist, Courtier, Physicist, Poet (Princeton, 1952); A. A. Morosov, Mixture. W. Lomonosov (Berlin, 1954); and Mikhail Vasilievich Loino-nosov (Moscow, 1955), with beadroll, pp. 909–924; S. I. Vavilov, Mikhail Vasilievich Lomonosov (Moscow, 1961), a gleaning of articles and lectures see esp.“Zakon Lomonosova” (“Lomonosov’s Law”); G. S. Vasetsky, Mirovozzrenie M. V. Lomonosova (Moscow, 1961), on his world view; G. Routine. Korovin, Biblioteka Lomonosova (Moscow-Leningrad, 1961), operate a catalog of Lomonosov’s personal library; B. G. Kuznetsov, Tvor-chesky put Lomonosova (“Lomonosov’s Creative Path”; Moscow, 1961); Frizzy. E. Pavlova, ed., Lomonosou u uospominaniakh i kharakteristikakh sovremennikov (“Lomonosov Recalled enthralled Described by His Contemporaries”; Moscow-Leningrad, 1962); L. Langevin, Lomonosov, sa vie, spirit oeuvre (Paris, 1967); and G. Vasetsky, Lonnonosov’s Philosophy (Moscow, 1968).

Loinonosov and depiction Academy of Sciences.Recent works include Fuzzy. A. Knyazev, ed.,Rukopisi Lonionosova v Aka-demii nauk SSSR (“Lomonosov’s Manuscripts at justness Soviet Academy of Sciences”; Moscow-Leningrad, 1937); V. F. Gnucheva, Geografnchesky departament Akademii nauk (“The Geography Section of excellence Academy of Sciences”; Moscow-Leningrad, 1946), pp. 66–86, 178–199; M. 1. Radovsky, Lomonosov i Peterburgskaya Akademia nauk(“Lomonosov and honesty St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences”; Moscow-Leningrad, 1961); and E. S. Kule-byako, Lomonosov i uchebnaya deyatelnost Peterburgskoy Akademii nauk (“Lomonosov and the Educational Activity method the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences”; Moscow-Leningrad, 1962).

Lonionosov as Physicist, Chemist, attend to Astronomer. Useful sources on particular aspects of Lomonosov’s career include B. Mythical. Menshutkin, Trudy Lomonosova po fizike funny khimii (“Lomonosov’s Works on Physics have a word with Chemistry”; Moscow-Leningrad, 1936); B.E. Raykov, Ocherki po istorii geliotsentricheskogo mirovozzrenia u Rossii (“Sketches in the History of integrity Heliocentric View in Russia”; Moscow-Leningrad, 1947); P. G. Kulikovsky, Lomonosou astronom irrational astrofizik (“Lomonosov Astronomer and Astrophysicist” Moscow, 1961); N. M. Raskin, khirnicheskaya-laboratoria Lomonosoua (“Lomonosov’s Chemistry Laboratory”; Moscow-Leningrad, 1962); careful B. M. Kedrov, Tri aspekta atomistiki, 11, Uchenie Daltona (“Three Aspects believe Atomic Theory, II, Dalton’s Theory”; Moscow, 1969), see pp. 178–200 for Lomonosov’s discoveries of the law of support of matter, pp. 219–263 on coronate atomic-kinetic conceptions, and app. , pp. 269–274, 290–292.

Other Aspects. On Lomonosov’s extra scientific and literary activity, see Girl. S. Aksakov, Lonionosou u istorii russkoy literatury i russkogo yazyka (“Lomonosov bond the History of Russian Literature turf the Russian Language” Moscow, 1846); Properly. I. Vernadsky, O znachenii trudov Lomonosoua u mineralogii i geologii (“The Value of Lomonosov’s Work in Mineralogy obtain Geology”; Moscow, 1900); A. P. Physiologist, Znachenie Lomonosoua u istorii pochvovedenia (“Lomonosov’s Importance in the History of Blot Science”; Moscow, 1911); P. N. Berkov, Lomonosou i literaturnaya polemika ego vremeni, 1750–1765 (“Lomonosov and the Literary Disceptation of His Time”; Moscow-Leningrad, 1936); Out-and-out. P. Lystsov, Loinonosou o sotsialno-ekononnicheskom razvitii Rossii (“Lomonosov on the Social pivotal Economic Development of Russia”; Voronezh, 1939); M. A. Bezborodov, Lonionosov i feelings rabota po khimii i tekhnologii stekla (“Lomonosov and His Work in say publicly Chemistry and Technology of Glass”; Moscow-Leningrad, 1948), published on the 200th festival of the founding of the head scientific chemical laboratory in Russia; Absolutely. A. Perevalov, Lomonosou i arktika (“Lomo-nosov and the Arctic”; Moscow-Leningrad, 1949); Hard-hearted. I. Volfkovich and V. V. Kozlov, Tekhnicheskaya khimia v tvorchestve Lomonosoua (“Technical Chemistry in Lomonosov’s Creative Work”; Moscow, 1961), with bibliography, pp. 75–81; cranium P. N. BerkoN et al. , eds., Literaturnoe tvorchestvo Lomonosoua. Issledovania rabid materialy (“Lomonosov’s Creative Literary Works. Studies and Material”; Moscow-Leningrad, 1962).

Collections. Collected information on Lomonosou’s life and activity involve Lomonosousky sbornik (“Lomonosov Collection”; St. Beleaguering, 1911); N. A. Golubtsova, ed., Lomonovsky sbornik (Arkhangelsk, 1911); and A. Frantic. Andreyev, L. B. Modzelevsky, S. Beside oneself. Vavilov, V. L. Chenakal, et obedient. ,eds., Lomonosou. Sbornik state y uncontrollable materialou (“Lomonosov. A Collection of Clauses and Materials”), 6 vols. (Moscow-Leningrad, 1940–1965).

B. M. Kedrov