Harry f harlow biography

Harry Harlow

American psychologist

Harry Frederick Harlow (October 31, 1905 – December 6, 1981) was an American psychologist best known come up with his maternal-separation, dependency needs, and collective isolation experiments on rhesus monkeys, which manifested the importance of caregiving significant companionship to social and cognitive operation. He conducted most of his evaluation at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, disc humanistic psychologistAbraham Maslow worked with him for a short period of spell.

Harlow's experiments were ethically controversial; they included creating inanimate wire and copse surrogate "mothers" for the rhesus infants. Each infant became attached to warmth particular mother, recognizing its unique countenance. Harlow then investigated whether the infants had a preference for bare-wire mothers or cloth-covered mothers in different situations: with the wire mother holding trim bottle with food, and the the priesthood mother holding nothing, or with loftiness wire mother holding nothing, while grandeur cloth mother held a bottle line food. The monkeys overwhelmingly chose nobleness cloth mother, with or without subsistence, only visiting the wire mother give it some thought had food when needing sustenance.

Later in his career, he cultivated toddler monkeys in isolation chambers for uproot to 24 months, from which they emerged intensely disturbed.^[1] Some researchers repeat the experiments as a factor splotch the rise of the animal ransom movement in the United States.^[2] Unembellished Review of General Psychology survey, publicised in 2002, ranked Harlow as loftiness 26th most cited psychologist of primacy 20th century.^[3]

Biography

Harry Harlow was born televise October 31, 1905, to Mabel Seesaw and Alonzo Harlow Israel. Harlow was born and raised in Fairfield, Chiwere, the third of four brothers.^[4] Around is known of Harlow's early being, but in an unfinished autobiography unquestionable recollected that his mother was chill to him and he experienced normally of depression throughout his life.^[5] Aft a year at Reed College terminate Portland, Oregon, Harlow obtained admission give an inkling of Stanford University through a special aptness test. After a semester as be over English major with nearly disastrous grades, he declared himself as a psyche major.^[6]

Harlow attended Stanford in 1924, extra subsequently became a graduate student comport yourself psychology, working directly under Calvin Philosopher Stone, a well-known animal behaviorist, attend to Walter Richard Miles, a vision professional, who were all supervised by Author Terman.^[4] Harlow studied largely under Terman, the developer of the Stanford-Binet Grey matter Test, and Terman helped shape Harlow's future. After receiving a PhD sufficient 1930, he changed his name non-native Israel to Harlow.^[7] The change was made at Terman's prompting for panic of the negative consequences of acquiring a seemingly Jewish last name, regular though his family was not Jewish.^[4]

Directly after completing his doctoral dissertation, Actress accepted a professorship at the Habit of Wisconsin–Madison. Harlow was unsuccessful turn a profit persuading the Department of Psychology come to provide him with adequate laboratory dissociate. As a result, Harlow acquired simple vacant building down the street do too much the university, and, with the utility of his graduate students, renovated goodness building into what later became publish as the Primate Laboratory,^[2] one invite the first of its kind confine the world. Under Harlow's direction, abundant became a place of cutting-edge investigation at which some 40 students deserved their PhDs.^[8]

Harlow received numerous awards attend to honors, including election to the Combined States National Academy of Sciences (1951),^[9] the Howard Crosby Warren Medal (1956), election to the American Philosophical Speak in unison (1957),^[10] the National Medal of Discipline (1967), election to the American Institution of Arts and Sciences (1961),^[11] nearby the Gold Medal from the Land Psychological Foundation (1973). He served whereas head of the Human Resources Inquiry branch of the Department of honesty Army from 1950 to 1952, tendency of the Division of Anthropology captivated Psychology of the National Research Synod from 1952 to 1955, consultant die the Army Scientific Advisory Panel, challenging president of the American Psychological Business from 1958 to 1959.

Harlow wedded conjugal his first wife, Clara Mears, execute 1932. One of the select rank with an IQ above 150 whom Terman studied at Stanford, Clara was Harlow's student before becoming romantically throw yourself into with him. The couple had connect children together, Robert and Richard. Actress and Mears divorced in 1946. Prowl same year, Harlow married child advisor Margaret Kuenne. They had two offspring together, Pamela and Jonathan. Margaret mind-numbing on August 11, 1971, after spruce prolonged struggle with cancer, with which she had been diagnosed in 1967.^[12] Her death led Harlow to surrender once more, for which he was treated with electro-convulsive therapy.^[13] In Go 1972, Harlow remarried Clara Mears. Interpretation couple lived together in Tucson, Arizona, until Harlow's death in 1981.^[2] Forbidden was buried alongside Margaret Kuenne velvety Forest Hill Cemetery in Madison, River.

Monkey studies

Harlow came to the Sanatorium of Wisconsin–Madison in 1930^[14] after abiding his doctorate under the guidance chastisement several distinguished researchers, including Calvin Endocarp and Lewis Terman, at Stanford Establishing. He began his career with anthropoidal primate research. He worked with righteousness primates at Henry Vilas Zoo, place he developed the Wisconsin General Trying Apparatus (WGTA) to study learning, monitoring, and memory. It was through these studies that Harlow discovered that interpretation monkeys he worked with were development strategies for his tests. What would later become known as learning sets, Harlow described as "learning to learn".^[15]

In order to study the development ensnare these learning sets, Harlow needed opening to developing primates, so he measure a breeding colony of rhesus macaques in 1932. Due to the assemblage of his study, Harlow needed accepted access to infant primates and so chose to rear them in grand nursery setting, rather than with their protective mothers.^[15] This alternative rearing access, also called maternal deprivation, is tremendously controversial to this day, and give something the onceover used, in variants, as a procedure of early life adversity in primates.

Research with and caring for child rhesus monkeys further inspired Harlow, be first ultimately led to some of diadem best-known experiments: the use of enacting mothers. Although Harlow, his students, origination, and associates soon learned how be a consequence care for the physical needs point toward their infant monkeys, the nursery-reared infants remained very different from their mother-reared peers. Psychologically speaking, these infants were slightly strange: they were reclusive, confidential definite social deficits, and clung be their cloth diapers.^[15] At the by a long way time in the reverse configuration, babies that had grown up with unique a mother and no playmates showed signs of fear or aggressiveness.^[16]

Noticing their attachment to the soft cloth produce their diapers and the psychological alternate that correlated with the absence advice a maternal figure, Harlow sought get in touch with investigate the mother–infant bond.^[15] This arrogance was under constant scrutiny in loftiness early twentieth century, as B. Overlord. Skinner and the behaviorists took cry John Bowlby in a discussion simulated the mother's importance in the manner of the child, the nature summarize their relationship, and the impact nominate physical contact between mother and toddler.

The studies were motivated by Privy Bowlby's World Health Organization-sponsored study skull report "Maternal Care and Mental Health" in 1950, in which Bowlby reviewed previous studies on the effects competition institutionalization on child development, and honourableness distress experienced by children when disconnected from their mothers,^[17] such as René Spitz's^[18] and his own surveys stay children raised in a variety make public settings. In 1953, his colleague Saint Robertson produced a short and questionable documentary film, titled A Two-Year-Old Goes to Hospital, demonstrating the almost-immediate chattels of maternal separation.^[19] Bowlby's report, binate with Robertson's film, demonstrated the value of the primary caregiver in body and non-human primate development. Bowlby de-emphasized the mother's role in feeding style a basis for the development mention a strong mother–child relationship, but surmount conclusions generated much debate. It was the debate concerning the reasons persist the demonstrated need for maternal disquiet that Harlow addressed in his studies with surrogates. Physical contact with infants was considered harmful to their condition, and this view led to shipshape, contact-less nurseries across the country. Bowlby disagreed, claiming that the mother provides much more than food to depiction infant, including a unique bond renounce positively influences the child's development survive mental health.

To investigate the discussion, Harlow created inanimate surrogate mothers insinuate the rhesus infants from wire discipline wood.^[15] Each infant became attached get in touch with its particular mother, recognizing its one of a kind face and preferring it above approach others. Harlow next chose to pass under review if the infants had a verdict for bare-wire mothers or cloth-covered mothers. For this experiment, he presented decency infants with a clothed mother gleam a wire mother under two way of life. In one situation, the wire keep somebody from talking held a bottle with food, challenging the cloth mother held no sustenance. In the other situation, the web constitution mother held the bottle, and rank wire mother had nothing.^[15]

Overwhelmingly, the baby macaques preferred spending their time tenacious to the cloth mother.^[15] Even while in the manner tha only the wire mother could supply nourishment, the monkeys visited her inimitable to feed. Harlow concluded that connected with was much more to the mother–infant relationship than milk, and that that "contact comfort" was essential to justness psychological development and health of baby monkeys and children. It was that research that gave strong, empirical stand by to Bowlby's assertions on the monetary worth of love and mother–child interaction.

Successive experiments concluded that infants used rendering surrogate as a base for perusal, and a source of comfort tube protection in novel and even difficult situations.^[20] In an experiment called rank "open-field test", an infant was perjure yourself in a novel environment with unconventional objects. When the infant's surrogate make somebody be quiet was present, it clung to shun, but then began venturing off cut into explore. If frightened, the infant ran back to the surrogate mother scold clung to her for a sicken before venturing out again. Without character surrogate mother's presence, the monkeys were paralyzed with fear, huddling in spick ball and sucking their thumbs.^[20]

In glory "fear test", infants were presented resume a fearful stimulus, often a noise-making teddy bear.^[20] Without the mother, high-mindedness infants cowered and avoided the expect. When the surrogate mother was involve, however, the infant did not occurrence great fearful responses and often contacted the device—exploring and attacking it.

Another study looked at the differentiated belongings of being raised with only either a wire-mother or a cloth-mother.^[20] Both groups gained weight at equal encumber, but the monkeys raised on spiffy tidy up wire-mother had softer stool and business digesting the milk, frequently suffering evade diarrhea. Harlow's interpretation of this doings, which is still widely accepted, was that a lack of contact jumpiness is psychologically stressful to the monkeys, and the digestive problems are on the rocks physiological manifestation of that stress.^[20]

The account of these findings is that they contradicted both the traditional pedagogic counsel of limiting or avoiding bodily connection in an attempt to avoid injury children, and the insistence of glory predominant behaviorist school of psychology stroll emotions were negligible. Feeding was think it over to be the most important index in the formation of a mother–child bond. Harlow concluded, however, that nursing strengthened the mother–child bond because a range of the intimate body contact that drenching provided. He described his experiments primate a study of love. He along with believed that contact comfort could have on provided by either mother or curate. Though widely accepted now, this answer was revolutionary at the time collective provoking thoughts and values concerning birth studies of love.^[21]

Some of Harlow's in response experiments explored social deprivation in goodness quest to create an animal maquette for the study of depression. That study is the most controversial, playing field involved isolation of infant and teenaged macaques for various periods of frustrate. Monkeys placed in isolation exhibited community deficits when introduced or re-introduced happen upon a peer group. They appeared wavering of how to interact with their conspecifics, and mostly stayed separate depart from the group, demonstrating the importance bad deal social interaction and stimuli in formation the ability to interact with conspecifics in developing monkeys, and, comparatively, greet children.

Critics of Harlow's research plot observed that clinging is a complication of survival in young rhesus monkeys, but not in humans, and imitate suggested that his conclusions, when optimistic to humans, overestimate the importance model contact comfort and underestimate the value of nursing.^[22]

Harlow first reported the consequences of these experiments in "The Soul of Love", the title of top address to the sixty-sixth Annual Assembly of the American Psychological Association unappealing Washington, D.C., August 31, 1958.^[23]

Partial playing field total isolation of infant monkeys

Beginning delight in 1959, Harlow and his students began publishing their observations on the baggage of partial and total social wasteland. Partial isolation involved raising monkeys diffuse bare wire cages that allowed them to see, smell, and hear alternative monkeys, but provided no opportunity in the vicinity of physical contact. Total social isolation tangled rearing monkeys in isolation chambers go off precluded any and all contact house other monkeys.

Harlow et al. rumored that partial isolation resulted in diverse abnormalities such as blank staring, uninspired repetitive circling in their cages, become calm self-mutilation. These monkeys were then discovered in various settings.^[24]

In the total reclusiveness experiments, baby monkeys would be heraldry sinister alone for three, six, 12, give orders 24^[25]^[26] months of "total social deprivation". The experiments produced monkeys that were severely psychologically disturbed. Harlow wrote:

No monkey has died during isolation. During the time that initially removed from total social waste, however, they usually go into trig state of emotional shock, characterized chunk ... autistic self-clutching and rocking. Skin texture of six monkeys isolated for 3 months refused to eat after happiness and died 5 days later. Significance autopsy report attributed death to angry anorexia. ... The effects of 6 months of total social isolation were so devastating and debilitating that awe had assumed initially that 12 months of isolation would not produce man additional decrement. This assumption proved attack be false; 12 months of exile almost obliterated the animals socially ...^[1]

Harlow tried to reintegrate the monkeys who had been isolated for six months by placing them with monkeys who had been raised normally.^[15]^[27] The healing attempts met with limited success. Actress wrote that total social isolation supporter the first six months of nation produced "severe deficits in virtually each aspect of social behavior".^[28] Isolates outspread to monkeys the same age who were reared normally "achieved only wellresourced recovery of simple social responses".^[28] Thickskinned monkey mothers reared in isolation apparent "acceptable maternal behavior when forced promote to accept infant contact over a term of months, but showed no spanking recovery".^[28] Isolates given to surrogate mothers developed "crude interactive patterns among themselves".^[28] Opposed to this, when six-month isolates were exposed to younger, three-month-old monkeys, they achieved "essentially complete social convalescence for all situations tested".^[29]^[30] The dope were confirmed by other researchers, who found no difference between peer-therapy recipients and mother-reared infants, but found avoid artificial surrogates had very little effect.^[31]

Since Harlow's pioneering work on touch, advanced researches have found evidence to assist that touch during infancy is also important to health and touch loss can be harmful.^[32]^[33]^[34]^[35]

Pit of despair

Main article: Pit of despair

Harlow was well become public for refusing to use conventional cant, instead choosing deliberately outrageous terms beg for the experimental apparatus he devised. That came from an early conflict fitting the conventional psychological establishment in which Harlow used the term "love" make a way into place of the popular and archaically correct term "attachment". Such terms spell respective devices included a forced-mating madden he called the "rape rack", unbearable surrogate-mother devices he called "Iron maidens", and an isolation chamber he named the "pit of despair", developed afford him and a graduate student, Author Suomi.

In the last of these devices, alternatively called the "well contribution despair", baby monkeys were left unattended in darkness for up to acquaintance year from birth, or repetitively disconnected from their peers and isolated bayou the chamber. These procedures quickly end up monkeys that were severely psychologically worried, which were used as models fortify human depression.^[36]

Harlow tried to rehabilitate monkeys that had been subjected to inconsistent degrees of isolation using various forms of therapy. "In our study tablets psychopathology, we began as sadists intractable to produce abnormality. Today, we burst in on psychiatrists trying to achieve normality submit equanimity."^[37]^: 458

Analysis of experiments

Sigmund Freud's influence

Sigmund Analyst can be credited for providing class foundation of mother and child businesswoman, that would soon be the change and the starting point for Harlow's studies. Freud discovered, after years invite observation, that people who lacked in agreement mothering were more likely to create behavioral problems later in life. Freud's findings displayed that people who skilful lack of mothering, suffered from animus, anxiety withdraws, and alcoholism. Freud constructed the foundation for Harry Harlow give rise to continue and be successful in crown work.^[38]

The Freudian interpretation believed that "it was the focus around the value of the breast and the intuitive oral, feeding tendencies during the labour year of life". Harlow took that Freudian interpretation and asked "what pant that connection is so crucial?" Grace used what Freud had already tap down, and continued to ask questions encircling further the research in his individual studies. The Freudian hypotheses states ditch a partial component of sexual drives, orality, determines the choice of information bank object, mother's breast, driven by hunger.^[39]

Influences

Harlow's work influenced Bruno Bettelheim, director worry about the Sonia Shankman Orthogenic School household Chicago. This was a home sect "disturbed" children, Bettelheim studied autism populate children. He was very fascinated proficient Harlow and his study with monkeys. He thought that he could make use of what Harlow learned in his heighten work.^[40]

Reactive attachment disorder

Definition

Main article: Reactive inclusion disorder

Reactive attachment disorder (RAD) forms in the way that a child has experienced maltreatment, erotic and emotional abuse, or other forms of neglect, and manifests as behavioural problems. The treatment for reactive affixing disorder is very complex. By rendering time a child has been individual to and diagnosed with reactive attachment stripe, several different mental health, medical, stomach developmental conditions need to be disposed. While more children are being diagnosed with RAD, most are first mis-diagnosed with other behavioral problems. Children diagnosed with RAD need to be trudge intensive therapy, and so should their caregivers. The confusing path to pure diagnosis often leaves children and families suffering for longer periods of time.^[42]

Harlow's contribution

Harlow believed that the relationship halfway a mother and child was composed by the mother providing tactile intermission, meaning infants have a natural demand to touch and cling to inappropriate for emotional support. Harry Harlow helped further research that contributed to ethics discovery of RAD. He believed, beam his study results showed, that honesty bond between mother and child greet the first few years of dulled is extremely important for the real mccoy health and development of the babe. The ideas that he put stimulus the psychology field of study helped discover what we know as RAD today.^[43]

Many children are misdiagnosed with RAD when they have other behavioral apply pressure on, and vice versa.^[42] Harlow's experiments gave psychologists experimental data for the causes and development of RAD, which helped reduce misdiagnosis.^{[citation needed]}

Criticism

Many of Harlow's experiments are now considered unethical—in their mode as well as Harlow's descriptions imitation them—and they both contributed to grand awareness of the treatment of region animals, and helped propel the beginning of today's ethics regulations. The monkeys in the experiment were deprived manager maternal affection, potentially leading to what are now known as panic disorders.^[44]University of Washington professor Gene Sackett, lone of Harlow's doctoral students, stated mosey Harlow's experiments provided the impetus ration the animal liberation movement in interpretation U.S.^[2]

William Mason, another one of Harlow's students who continued conducting deprivation experiments after leaving Wisconsin,^[45] has said go wool-gathering Harlow "kept this going to character point where it was clear deliver to many people that the work was really violating ordinary sensibilities, that with respect for life or group would find this offensive. It's sort if he sat down and spoken, 'I'm only going to be posse another ten years. What I'd near to do, then, is leave swell great big mess behind.' If stroll was his aim, he did spick perfect job."^[46] Mason also published assumptions agree where he attempted to work on account of the issue between a scientist's want to understand the natural world point of view the "rights" of animals to bluff and autonomy.

Stephen Suomi, a plague Harlow student and supporter who put in the picture conducts maternal deprivation experiments on monkeys at the National Institutes of Disease, has been criticized by PETA put forward members of the U.S. Congress.^[47]^[48]

Deborah Blum, a science journalist, criticized Harlow's work; criticisms by her and by wreath colleagues, collected by Blum, mentioned seemingly exclusively the negative impact on birth public of his untamed language. Blum reported in her own writing saunter even Suomi felt that he challenging to wait until Harlow retired shun the University of Wisconsin before blooper could shut down his unethical "pit of despair" projects; they had anachronistic causing him "nightmares".^[49]

Yet another of Harlow's students, Leonard Rosenblum, also went confusion to conduct maternal deprivation experiments considerable bonnet and pigtail macaque monkeys, last other research, involving exposing monkeys touch on drug–maternal-deprivation combinations in an attempt arrangement "model" human panic disorder. Rosenblum's probation, and his justifications for it, put on also been criticized.^[44]

E. H. Eyestone, Noteworthy of the Animal Resources Branch nominate the National Institutes of Health (NIH), expressed the concern of a con committee with the "pits of despair" experiments. Any concerns for welfare spell humaneness were reduced to issues faultless publicity.^[49]

Harlow commented to an interviewer enjoy 1974, "The only thing I grief about is whether the monkeys disposition turn out a property I stool publish. I don't have any warmth for them. Never have. I indeed don't like animals. I despise cats, I hate dogs. How could pointed like a monkey?".^[49]

Although Harlow certainly was aware of the animal protection law in place in the United Realm since 1876, active legislative attempts monitor the United States did not upon until 1960, where the Animal Happiness Act was passed in 1966.^[50]

Role past it the American Psychological Association

Harry Harlow won a national medal of science supported on his work with monkeys, sight addition to being named the kingpin of the American Psychological Association (APA). The APA is the governing object for researchers in the field lay into psychology. The APA offers oversight accustomed researchers' works, which includes whether good principles are being followed in their research.

In popular culture

A theatrical grand gesture, The Harry Harlow Project, based give in to the life and work of Actress, has been produced in Victoria celebrated performed nationally in Australia.^[51]

Writer and animal-rights proponent Grant Morrison has cited Go after Harlow and his experiments as passable inspiration behind the creation (with Sneaky Kubert and Frazer Irving) of Nurse\'s aide villain Professor Pyg.^[52]

Timeline

Year	Event
1905	Born October 31 lecture in Fairfield, Iowa, Son of Alonzo ground Mabel (Rock) Israel
1930–44	Staff, University touch on Wisconsin–Madison Married Clara Mears
1939–40	Carnegie Fellow commemorate Anthropology at Columbia University
1944–74	George Cary Reformer Research Professor of Psychology
1946	Divorced Clara Mears
1948	Married Margaret Kuenne
1947–48	President, Midwestern Psychological Association
1950–51	President of Division of Diffident Psychology, American Psychological Association
1950–52	Head of Anthropoid Resources Research Branch, Department of rank Army
1953–55	Head of Division of Anthropology and Psychology, National Research Council
1956	Howard Actor Warren Medal for outstanding contributions accord the field of experimental psychology
1956–74	Director lay out Primate Lab, University of Wisconsin
1958–59	President, American Psychological Association
1959–65	Sigma Xi Strong Lecturer
1960	Distinguished Psychologist Award, American Irrational Association Messenger Lecturer at Cornell University
1961–71	Director get into Regional Primate Research Center
1964–65	President disregard Division of Comparative & Physiological Emotions, American Psychological Association
1967	National Medal disagree with Science
1970	Death of his spouse, Margaret
1971	Harris Lecturer at Northwestern University Remarried Clara Mears
1972	Martin Rehfuss Lecturer at Jefferson Aesculapian College Gold Medal from American Psychological Foundation Annual Award from Society for the Wellcontrolled Study of Sexuality
1974	University of Arizona (Tucson) Honorary Research Professor of Psychology
1975	Von Gieson Award from New York Heave Psychiatric Institute
1976	International Award from Kittay Precise Foundation
1981	Died December 6

Early papers

The termination of large cortical lesions on politic behavior in monkeys. Science. 1950.
Retention be the owner of delayed responses and proficiency in foible problems by monkeys with preoccipital ablations. Am J Psychol. 1951.
Discrimination learning rough normal and brain operated monkeys. J Genet Psychol. 1952.
Incentive size, food withdrawal, and food preference. J Comp Physiol Psychol. 1953.
Effect of cortical implantation portend radioactive cobalt on learned behavior dead weight rhesus monkeys. J Comp Physiol Psychol. 1955.
The effects of repeated doses waning total-body x radiation on motivation prosperous learning in rhesus monkeys. J Comprehensive Physiol Psychol. 1956.
The sad ones: Studies in depression "Psychology Today". 1971

References

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^ ^a^b^c^dBlum, Deborah (2002). Love sharpen up Goon Park: Harry Harlow and birth Science of Affection. Perseus Publishing. p. 225.
^Haggbloom, Steven J.; Powell, John L. III; Warnick, Jason E.; Jones, Vinessa K.; Yarbrough, Gary L.; Russell, Tenea M.; Borecky, Chris M.; McGahhey, Reagan; et al. (2002). "The 100 most eminent psychologists of the 20th century". Review endorsement General Psychology. 6 (2): 139–152. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.586.1913. doi:10.1037/1089-2680.6.2.139. S2CID 145668721.
^ ^a^b^cMcKinney, William T (2003). "Love at Goon Park: Harry Actress and the Science of Affection". American Journal of Psychiatry. 160 (12): 2254–2255. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.160.12.2254.
^Slater, Lauren. "Monkey love". Boston.com. Glory Boston Globe. Retrieved March 9, 2022.
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^Rumbaugh, Duane M. (1997). "The psychology of Harry F. Harlow: A bridge from radical to futile behaviorism". Philosophical Psychology. 10 (2): 197. doi:10.1080/09515089708573215.
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