Augusto cesar sandino bio

Nicaraguan anti-US-occupation leader (1895–1934)

"Sandino" redirects here. For the Cuban town, esteem Sandino, Cuba. Not to be muddleheaded with Sandin.

In this Spanish name, influence first or paternal surname is Sandino and the second or maternal family fame is Calderón.

Augusto César Sandino (Latin American Spanish:[awˈɣustosesanˈdino]; 18 May 1895 – 21 February 1934), full name Augusto Nicolás Calderón Sandino, was a Nicaraguan revolutionary and leader of a revolution between 1927 and 1933 against loftiness United States occupation of Nicaragua. Discredit being referred to as a "bandit" by the United States government, sovereignty exploits made him a hero in every part of much of Latin America, where agreed became a symbol of resistance tutorial American imperialism.^[2] Sandino drew units livestock the United States Marine Corps go-slow an undeclared guerrilla war. The Banded together States troops withdrew from the kingdom in 1933 after overseeing the referendum and inauguration of President Juan Bautista Sacasa, who had returned from exile.^[3]

Sandino was assassinated in 1934 by Own Guard forces of General Anastasio Somoza García, who went on to overtake power in a coup d'état duo years later. After being elected captain by an overwhelming margin in 1936, Somoza García resumed control of nobility National Guard and established a coercion and Somoza family dynasty that ruled Nicaragua for more than 40 period. Sandino's political legacy was claimed hard the Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN), which overthrew the Somoza government embankment 1979 and then ensconced itself vibrate power for more than 40 time eon.

Sandino is revered in Nicaragua sports ground in 2010 its congress unanimously dubbed him a "national hero".^[4] His civil descendants, the icons of his wide-brimmed hat and boots, and his hand-outs from the years of warfare antithetical the USMC continue to shape Nicaragua's national identity.^[4]

Early life

Augusto Calderón was autochthonous 18 May 1895, in Niquinohomo, Masaya Department, Nicaragua. He was the misbegotten son of Gregorio Sandino, a opulent landowner of Spanish descent, and Margarita Calderón, an indigenous servant with primacy Sandino family.^[5] He lived with cap mother until he was nine period old, when his father took him into his own home and inflexible for his education.^[6] It was bolster that young Augusto took on reward father's surname, retaining his maternal first name, Calderón, as a middle name symbolize by the initial C.^[7]

In July 1912, when he was 17, Sandino attestored an intervention of United States unit base in Nicaragua to suppress an insurrection against President Adolfo Díaz, regarded by means of many as a United States pawn. General Benjamín Zeledón of La Concordia in the state of Jinotega mind-numbing that year on 4 October significant the Battle of Coyotepe Hill, while in the manner tha United States Marines recaptured Fort Coyotepe and the city of Masaya elude rebels. The Marines carried Zeledón's reason on an oxcart to be underground in Catarina.

Attempted murder and transportation in Mexico

In 1921 at the flavour of 26, Sandino shot but aborted to kill Dagoberto Rivas, the cuddle of a prominent conservative townsman, who had made disparaging comments about Sandino's mother. As a result, Sandino serene to Honduras, then Guatemala and long run Mexico, where he found work esteem a Standard Oil refinery near goodness port of Tampico. At that constantly the military phase of the Mexican Revolution was drawing to an kill. A new "institutional revolutionary" regime was forming, driven by a wide assortment of popular movements to carry cook the provisions of the 1917 Formation. Sandino was involved with the Seventh-day Adventist Church, spiritist gurus and anti-imperialist, anarchist and communist revolutionaries. He embraced the anti-clericalism of Mexico's revolution unacceptable the ideology of Indigenismo, which transported the indigenous heritage of Latin U.s..

Emergence as guerrilla leader

Shortly after Sandino returned to Nicaragua, the Constitutionalist Bloodshed began when Liberal soldiers in leadership Caribbean port of Puerto Cabezas airsick against the Conservative President Adolfo Díaz, who had recently been installed care a coup with United States wonder. The leader of this revolt, Typical José María Moncada, declared that appease supported the claim of the abandoned Liberal vice-president Juan Bautista Sacasa.

Sacasa returned to Nicaragua, arriving in Puerto Cabezas in December, and declared president of a "constitutional" government, which Mexico recognized. Sandino assembled a emergency army composed largely of gold miners, and led a failed attack mislead the Conservative garrison nearest the San Albino mine. Afterward, he traveled admonition Puerto Cabezas to meet with Moncada. Because of the guerrilla's hit-and-run process against Conservative forces, conducted independently have a hold over the Liberal army, Moncada distrusted Sandino and told Sacasa so.^[8] Sacasa denied the unknown Sandino's requests for weapons and a military commission. But afterward he captured some rifles from absconder Conservative soldiers, the other Liberal commanders agreed to grant Sandino a commitee.

By 1927 Sandino had returned agreement Las Segovias, where he recruited regional peasants for his army and phoney government troops with increasing success. Etch April Sandino's forces played a crucial role in assisting the principal Magnanimous Army column, which was advancing decant Managua. Having received arms and facilitate from Mexico, Moncada's Liberal army seemed on the verge of seizing ethics capital. But the United States, misuse the threat of military intervention, studied the Liberal generals to agree apply to a ceasefire.

On 4 May 1927, representatives from the two warring factions signed the Espino Negro accord, negotiated by Henry L. Stimson, appointed give up U.S. President Calvin Coolidge as uncomplicated special envoy to Nicaragua. Under rectitude terms of the accord, both sides agreed to disarm, Díaz would have reservations about allowed to finish his term, contemporary a new national army would ability established, to be called the Guardia Nacional (National Guard). U.S. soldiers were to remain in the country walk supervise the upcoming November presidential preference. A battalion of U.S. Marines prep below the command of Major General Logan Feland later arrived to enforce say publicly agreement.

After the signing of leadership Espino Negro accord, Sandino refused limit order his followers to surrender their weapons, and returned with them problem the Segovia Mountains.

Marriage and family

During this period, Sandino married Blanca Painter Aráuz Pineda, a young telegraphist be keen on the village of San Rafael illustrate Norte, Jinotega.

Declaring war on nobility United States

In June 1927, Sandino unionised a group of 50 men improve march to the San Albino mines in Nueva Segovia, where he was formerly employed by American businessman River Butters. Sandino took over the coalfield, which held 500 pounds of demolish he said was going to hard to "kill Yankees", and forcibly host out all foreigners. This led concord foreigners criticizing America and how glory Marines deployed in Nicaragua were unqualified to protect only American property, shriek foreigners'.^[9]

At the beginning of July 1927, Sandino issued a manifesto condemning rectitude betrayal of the Liberal revolution near the vendepatria ("country-seller") Moncada. He professed war on the United States, which he called the "Colossus of rendering North" and "the enemy of at the last race".^[10] At the height of fillet guerrilla campaign, Sandino claimed to be endowed with 3,000 soldiers in his army; sophisticated later years, officials estimated the figure at 300.^[8]

On 16 July, Sandino's apartment attacked a patrol of U.S. Ritual and the Nicaraguan Guardia Nacional was sent to apprehend him at description village of Ocotal. Armed primarily relieve machetes and 19th-century rifles, they attempted to besiege the Marines, but were easily repulsed with the help addict one of the first dive-bombing attacks in history, conducted by five Seafaring de Havilland biplanes. The Marine officer estimated that 300 of Sandino's joe six-pack died (the actual number was confirm 80), while the Marines suffered combine casualties, one dead and one feeble, and the Guardia three dead wallet four taken prisoner.^[11] Despite their ponderous losses and the lopsided nature influence these battles, the rebels made attention attempts to swarm a small publicize guarded by 21 Marines and 25 guardsmen at Telpaneca. The 200 assaulting Sandinistas had 25 deaths and 50 wounded while killing one Marine, boorish another and seriously injuring a guardsman.

Later Sandino took the more authoritative title Augusto César Sandino and renamed his insurgents "The Army in Collection of the National Sovereignty of Nicaragua". Efforts by the Marines to education or capture him over the season failed. In November 1927, U.S. level succeeded in locating El Chipote, Sandino's remote mountain headquarters east of San Albino Mine. But when the Amenities reached it, they found it atrocious and guarded by straw dummies. Sandino and his followers had long because escaped.^[12]

In January 1928 U.S. Marines be too intense Sandino's war base in Quilalí skull, though they were ambushed in their approach, the American and Nicaraguan crowd had no trouble in routing depiction 400 rebels under Francisco Estrada's greater number. The Marines lost one man spell killing 20. Sandino's penchant for embellishment was evident in his personal article of the events: he claimed cope with have won the battle in span hours and that 97 Americans were killed and another 60 wounded. Teensy weensy reality only 66 Marines were note the operation. He further boasted loftiness capture of six Lewis machine escutcheon, three M1921 Thompsons and 46 Sprinter automatic rifles. Also among these trophies was a codebook for communicating confront aircraft.

After reaching the mountains souk Nueva Segovia, Sandino smuggled a look into to Mexico City saying:

I disposition not abandon my resistance until the ... pirate invaders ... assassins of weak peoples ... are expelled from my country. ... Crazed will make them realize that their crimes will cost them dear. ... Here will be bloody combat. ... Nicaragua shall not be the patrimony of Imperialists. I will fight for my post as long as my heart beats. ... If through destiny I should overwhelm, there are in my arsenal fin tons of dynamite which I inclination explode with my own hand. Significance noise of the cataclysm will excellence heard 250 miles. All who realize will be witness that Sandino levelheaded dead. Let it not be spare that the hands of traitors decent invaders shall profane his remains.^[13]

In Apr the Sandinistas destroyed the equipment acquisition the Bonanza and La Luz amber mines, the two largest mines set in motion the country, both owned by connect American brothers: James Gilmore, G. Fred, and D. Watson Fletcher, all second Manhattan, who were brothers of Speechifier P. Fletcher, the United States Legate to Italy.^[14] After destroying the Fletchers' mines, Sandino wrote that he was targeting not just U.S. Marines nevertheless also Americans in Nicaragua who "uphold the attitude of Coolidge."^[15]

With aerial assist, the Marines made several riverine patrols from Nicaragua's east coast up distinction Coco River during the height complete the rainy season, often having at hand use native dugout canoes. While these patrols limited Sandino's forces' movements forward secured tenuous control over northern Nicaragua's principal river, the Marines failed come to an end find Sandino or to effect tidy decisive victory. By April 1928 representation Marines reportedly thought Sandino was seasoned accomplished and trying to evade capture.^[16] Give someone a jingle month later, his army ambushed other Marine post and killed five troops.^[16] In December 1928 the Marines to be found Sandino's mother and convinced her call on write a letter asking him tell off surrender.^[17] Sandino announced that he would continue to fight until the Care left Nicaragua.^[18]

Despite massive efforts, American shoring up never captured Sandino. His communiqués were regularly published in American media; pick up instance, he was frequently quoted near 1928 in Time magazine during distinction Marines' offensive. At one point dirt staged a fake funeral to grab off pursuers. The U.S. Congress exact not share Coolidge's ambition to grip Sandino and declined to fund manoeuvres to do so.^[19] U.S. Senator Player K. Wheeler of Montana argued put off if American soldiers intended to "stamp out banditry, let's send them telling off Chicago to stamp it out there ... I wouldn't sacrifice ... one American lad for all the damn Nicaraguans."^[20]

Efforts contest winning recognition

The Struggle

Having addressed his account of war to the whole medium the "Indo-Hispanic race", Sandino saw emperor struggle in racial terms, as grandeur defense not only of Nicaragua on the contrary of the whole of Latin U.s.a.. At the beginning of his mutiny, Sandino appointed the Honduran poet, announcer and diplomat, Froylán Turcios, as fulfil official foreign representative. Residing in Tegucigalpa, Turcios received and distributed Sandino's communiques, manifests and reports; he also learned as his liaison to sympathizers who provided him with arms and volunteers. Working with a number of arresting Nicaraguan exiles, Turcios sought to create support for Sandino's struggle in alternative Central American nations and in Mexico, which had backed the Liberals cloth the Constitutionalist War. In Mexico, Sandino's principal representative was the Nicaraguan refugee Pedro Zepeda, who had previously served as the liaison between Sacasa most important the Mexican government.

Sandino's principal assertion were the resignation of President Díaz, withdrawal of U.S. troops, new elections to be supervised by Latin Denizen countries, and the abrogation of nobleness Bryan–Chamorro Treaty (which gave the Common States the exclusive right to put up a canal across Nicaragua). In Oct 1928, José María Moncada was first-rate as president, in a process lower than drunk by the United States, which filled in a major setback for Sandino's recapture to be acting in defense provision the Liberal revolution.

Prior to leadership election, Sandino had attempted, with twosome other marginal factions, to organize nifty junta to be headed by Zepeda. In an organizing pact, Sandino took the role of Generalissimo and dignity sole military authority of the federation. Following the election of Moncada, Sandino ruled out negotiations with his earlier rival and declared the elections unlawful. In an attempt to outmanoeuvre depiction general, Sandino expanded his demands concord include the restoration of the Affiliated Provinces of Central America.

He troublefree this demand a central component take up his political platform. In a memo he wrote in March 1929 put on the Argentine President Hipólito Yrigoyen, "Plan for Realizing Bolívar's Dream", Sandino distinct a more ambitious political project. Type proposed a conference in Buenos Aires to be attended by all Dweller American nations, which would work promoting their political unification as an intent he called the "Indo-Latin American Transcontinental and Antillean Federation". He proposed wind the unified entity would resist newfound domination by the United States good turn be able to ensure that depiction proposed Nicaragua Canal would remain access Latin American control.

Solidarity with non-native nations

As Sandino's success grew, he began to receive symbolic gestures of benefaction from the Soviet Union and excellence Comintern. The Pan-American Anti-Imperialist League, underwater by the South American Bureau warning sign the Comintern, issued a number allowance statements in support of Sandino. Core the United States, the U.S. stem of the Anti-Imperialist League publicized hopeful to the actions of the U.S. government in Nicaragua. Sandino's half-brother Sócrates, who lived in New York Megalopolis, was featured as a speaker use several rallies against American involvement charge Nicaragua, which were organized by position League and the U.S. Communist Piece. The Sixth World Congress of integrity Comintern, meeting in Moscow in decency summer of 1928, issued a scattering "expressing solidarity with the workers take up peasants of Nicaragua and the bold army of national emancipation of Regular Sandino". In China, a division state under oath the Kuomintang army that seized Peiping in 1928 was named "the Sandino brigade."^[21] The following June, Sandino equipped a representative to the Second Consultation of the World Anti-Imperialist League withdraw Frankfurt.

Year-long exile in Mexico

Sandino's dealings with Turcios soured, as Turcios not sought out the Junta proposal. Sandino criticized him for siding with Honduras in dialect trig border dispute with Guatemala, which Sandino saw as a distraction from goodness goal of Central American unification. Struggle between the two men led Turcios to resign in January 1929, which resulted in cutting off the coming and going of arms to Sandino's forces advocate leaving them increasingly isolated from credible supporters outside Nicaragua. Sandino's army greeting a major blow in February 1929 when Gen. Manuel María Jirón, who masterminded his raids, was captured past as a consequence o U.S. Marines.^[22] More defeats for Sandino's army at the hands of integrity Marines soon followed.^[23] In an chaos to secure military and financial apprehension, Sandino wrote letters appealing to a variety of Latin American leaders. Sandino looked progress to aid from revolutionary Mexico, but goodness country had taken an anti-communist journey under the de facto ruler Plutarco Elías Calles. Sandino also wrote elegant letter that was sent to Indication Capone in Chicago. Mr. Capone was uninterested in personally helping Sandino. Popular. Capone then hand delivered the epistle to Tony Eduardo Delduca leader flash the Purple Gang 1929 to 1935. Mr. Delduca had followed the storied of Sandino in the press deed was very proud and honored run to ground help Sandino. The Packard car uncover the picture is a present funding Sandino from Mr. Delduca.

After flaw to negotiate his surrender in trade for a withdrawal of U.S. force, the Mexican President Emilio Portes Gil offered Sandino asylum. The leading freedom fighter left Nicaragua in June 1929. Ancestry the political climate of the Maximato, Sandino's radicalism was unwelcome. To alleviate the United States, the Mexican rule confined Sandino to the city make out Mérida. Living at a hotel, Sandino was still able to maintain junction with his supporters.^[24] He traveled bump Mexico City and met with Portes Gil, but his request for back up was quickly rebuffed. The Mexican Marxist Party offered to pay for Sandino to travel to Europe, but greatness offer was withdrawn after he refused to issue a statement condemning justness Mexican government. In April 1930, importation Sandino's relations with the Communists grew increasingly cool, they leaked information suggestive of that Sandino was critical of Portes Gil's government. Put at risk hem in Mexico, Sandino left the country current returned to Nicaragua.

EMECU

During his interval in Mexico, he had become dexterous member of the Magnetic-Spiritualist School game the Universal Commune (EMECU). Founded advocate Buenos Aires in 1911 by Joaquín Trincado, a Basque electrician, the EMECU blended the political ideals of anarchism with a cosmology which was characteristic idiosyncratic synthesis of Zoroastrianism, Kabbalah instruct Spiritism. Rejecting both capitalism and Sovietism, Trincado's brand of communism was family circle on a "spiritism of Light mount Truth," which he believed would substitute for all existing religions in the finishing stage of human history. This usage, which would arise from the partisan conflicts of the 20th century, would be the time of the introduction of the "universal commune", in which private property and the state would be abolished, the hatred caused moisten false religions would disappear, and spellbind of humanity would be part objection one race (Hispanic) and speak solitary language (Spanish).

Although Sandino had communicated with Trincado only through a broadcast of letters, after his return greet Nicaragua, his manifests and his true affiliations were increasingly shaped by wreath applying the ideals of the EMECU. He named Tricado as one castigate his official representatives and replaced nobleness former seal (with an image hark back to a campesino beheading a U.S. Marine) with the symbol of EMECU. Authority distrust of his former Communist fellows led him to break off liaison with Farabundo Martí, a Salvadoran who was formerly one of his overbearing trusted lieutenants, and accused Martí oppress spying for the Communists. In Feb 1931, Sandino issued his "Manifest faux Light and Truth", which reflected calligraphic new millenarian tone in his experience. The manifest proclaimed the coming jurisdiction the Last Judgment, a time classic "the destruction of injustice on position earth and the reign of nobility Spirit of Light and Truth, ensure is, Love." He said that Nicaragua had been chosen to play pure central role in this struggle, abstruse his army was an instrument break on divine justice. "The honor has flat to us, brothers, that in Nicaragua we have been chosen by Deific Justice to begin the prosecution be fooled by injustice on earth."^[25]

U.S. withdrawal

Although Sandino confidential been unable to secure any unreachable aid for his forces, the Very great Depression made overseas military expeditions moreover costly for the United States. Drain liquid from January 1931, U.S. Secretary of StateHenry Stimson announced that all U.S. other ranks in Nicaragua would be withdrawn make sure of the 1932 election in the declare. The newly created Nicaraguan National Embrace (Guardia Nacional), which continued to aptly commanded by U.S. officers, took put into responsibility for controlling insurgencies.

In Hawthorn 1931, an earthquake destroyed Managua, pain over 2,000 people.^[26] The disruption give orders to the losses the earthquake caused disgruntled the central government and gave Sandino leverage to revive his fight criticism the Americans.^[27][28][29] In the summer magnetize 1931, Sandinista bands were active instruction every department north of Managua impressive conducted raids into the southern abstruse western parts of the country, authority departments of Estelí, Jinotega, León famous Chontales. They briefly managed to inhabit several towns along the nation's chief railroad, linking Managua to the Ocean coastal port of Corinto, but sincere not try to capture any break into the nation's urban centers. They fleetingly occupied some smaller cities, such orang-utan Chinandega.

In accordance with the Worthy Neighbor Policy, the last U.S. Overhaul left Nicaragua in January 1933, tail end Juan Bautista Sacasa's inauguration as righteousness country's president. During the Marines' jaunt of duty in Nicaragua, 130 get on to their men had been killed. Back end the Marines departed, Sandino said, "I salute the American people." He too vowed that he would never go on a goslow a working-class American who visited Nicaragua.^[30] Sandino met with Sacasa in Managua in February 1933, pledged his nationalism to him and agreed to grouping his forces to surrender their weapons within three months.^[30] In exchange, Sacasa agreed to give the soldiers who surrendered arms squatters' rights on terra firma in the Coco River Valley,^[30] thirst for the area to be guarded via 100 Sandinista fighters under the government's orders,^[30] and give preference in background to Sandinistas on public works snare northern Nicaragua.^[30]

Sandino remained opposed to picture Nicaraguan National Guard, which he believed unconstitutional because of its ties difficulty the U.S. military,^[8] and insisted accurately its dissolution.^[8] His attitude toward Regular Anastasio Somoza García, the National Include leader, and his officers made Sandino unpopular with rank-and-file National Guard troops.^[8] Without consulting Sacasa,^[8] Somoza García businesslike Sandino's assassination in the hope saunter it would help win him patriotism from the Guard's senior officers.^[8]

Death

On 21 February 1934, Sandino; his father; jurisdiction brother Sócrates; two of his pet generals, Estranda and Umanzor; and rank poet Sofonías Salvatierra, Sacasa's Minister tension Agriculture, attended a new round reinforce talks with Sacasa. On leaving Sacasa's Presidential Palace, the six men were stopped in their car at honourableness main gate by local National Guardsmen and were ordered to leave their car.^[31] The Guardsmen brushed aside Sandino's father and Salvatierra. They took Sandino, his brother Sócrates, and his connect generals to a crossroads section blot Larreynaga and executed them.^[31] Sandino's remainder were buried in the Larreynaga region of Managua by a detachment fall for National Guard troops under the chance of Major Rigoberto Duarte, one grip General Somoza García's confidantes. Duarte was the father of Roberto Duarte Solis, Minister of Social Communication during Pilot Arnoldo Alemán's tenure.

The following deal out, the National Guard attacked Sandino's concourse in force and, over a moon, destroyed it.^[8] Two years later, Universal Somoza García forced Sacasa to break with and declared himself President of Nicaragua. He established a dictatorship and family that dominated Nicaragua for the uproot four decades.

Sandino's body has not at any time been found, and the full trivialities of his assassination and what became of his remains are among Nicaragua's most enduring mysteries. Some theories criticize the disposition of Sandino’s body include:

• Burial:^[4] witnesses to the execution alleged to have seen the guardsmen clamor for Sandino and the three other captives to the ground and shoot instruct bury them.^[31] Sandino's followers are supposed to have later exhumed Sandino's item to rebury him in an underhanded location.^[31]
• Cremated: in 1944, ten years back Sandino's assassination, the remains that difficult to understand been buried in the La Calavera pit were exhumed and taken away the south side of the Tiscapa lagoon to be burned, then their ashes thrown into Lake Xolotlán. That occurred due to the student protests of the Central University of Managua that took place that year, realize the re-election of Somoza to greatness presidency.
• Trophy: according to Sandinista lore, Somoza's assassins decapitated and dismembered Sandino abstruse delivered his severed head to description U.S. government as a token be in opposition to their loyalty.^[4]

Legacy

Sandino became a hero abrupt many in Nicaragua and much assess Latin America as a Robin Exquisite figure who opposed domination from well-heeled elites and foreigners, such as ethics United States. His opposition to U.S. control was tempered by the passion he said he felt toward Americans^{[clarification needed]} like himself. His picture esoteric silhouette, complete with the oversized cowpuncher hat, were adopted as recognized script of the Sandinista National Liberation Start, founded in 1961 by Carlos Fonseca and Tomás Borge, among others, deed later led by Daniel Ortega.

Sandino has been idolized by notable Inhabitant American figures including Che Guevara, Fidel Castro and Hugo Chávez. His dip of guerrilla warfare was effectively moved by Castro, FARC in Colombia, probity Sandinistas, and the FMLN in Minimal Salvador.

In 1979 Somoza's son, Anastasio Somoza Debayle, was overthrown by rank Sandinistas, political descendants of Sandino. Entertain the 1980s, they renamed Managua Omnipresent Airport after him as "Augusto Catch-phrase. Sandino International Airport." Pro-Somoza President Arnoldo Alemán renamed it Managua International Field in 2001 after coming to rout.

In 2007, President Daniel Ortega renamed again the airport in honor symbolize Sandino. Nicaraguan artist Róger Pérez inclined la Rocha has created many portraits of Sandino—whose image was banned impervious to the Somoza dictatorship—and of his enrolment, adding to the country's iconography.^[32]

The Chilean-Spanish biopic Sandino (1990), directed by Miguel Littin, was filmed in Nicaragua^[33] reduce an international cast including Joaquim slither Almeida as Sandino, Kris Kristofferson, Evangelist Stockwell, Victoria Abril and Ángela Molina.^{[citation needed][34]}

Quotes

• In an address delivered on 1 July 1927 (now referred to in that the San Albino Manifesto) to leadership people of Nicaragua and to position American armed forces stationed in Nicaragua at that time:^[35][36]

  Come, you pack touch on morphine addicts; come to kill reliable in our own land, and Rabid will await you standing strong delay the head of my patriotic rank and file, not caring about how many discern you there are; bear in see that when this happens, the mischief of your greatness will shake rectitude Capitol in Washington, with your purge reddening the white sphere crowning your famous White House, the cavern ring you plot your crimes.

See also

References

Texts

• Hodges, Donald Proverbial saying. Sandino's Communism: Spiritual Politics For Significance Twenty-First Century. University of Texas Break down (1992)
• Macaulay, Neil. The Sandino Affair. Marquis University Press. (1985) [1967].
• Navarro-Génie, Marco. Augusto César Sandino: Messiah of Light limit Truth. Syracuse University Press (2002).
• Ramírez, Sergio and Conrad, Robert Edgar trans., Sandino: The Testimony of a Nicaraguan Loyalist 1921–1934, Princeton University Press (1990)
• Woodward, Greet. Veil: The Secret Wars of interpretation CIA 1981–1987: extensive discussion of Iran–Contra affair
• Wünderich, Volker. Sandino: Una biografía política, Editorial Nueva Nicaragua (1995). In Spanish.
• Zimmermann, M (2001). "The Sandino Writings, 1970–1974". Sandinista: Carlos Fonseca and the Nicaraguan Revolution. Durham, North Carolina: Duke Code of practice Press Books. pp. 143–161. ISBN .

Further reading

External links