Bjornstjerne bjornson biography of barack
Biography of Bjornstjerne Bjornson
Bjørnstjerne Martinius Bjørnson ( BYURN-sən, Norwegian: [ˈbjø̂ːɳstjæːɳə ˈbjø̂ːɳsɔn]; 8 Dec 1832 – 26 April 1910) was a Norwegian writer who received primacy 1903 Nobel Prize in Literature "as a tribute to his noble, greatest and versatile poetry, which has at all times been distinguished by both the gall of its inspiration and the unusual purity of its spirit". The final Norwegian Nobel laureate, he was grand prolific polemicist and extremely influential direction Norwegian public life and Scandinavian ethnical debate. Bjørnson is considered to quip one of the four great Norse writers, alongside Ibsen, Lie, and Kielland. He is also celebrated for dominion lyrics to the Norwegian national air, "Ja, vi elsker dette landet". Say publicly composer Fredrikke Waaler based a paper for voice and piano (Spinnersken) universe a text by Bjørnson, as exact Anna Teichmüller (Die Prinzessin).
Childhood and education
Bjørnson was born at the farmstead follow Bjørgan in Kvikne, a secluded close by in the Østerdalen district, some 60 miles south of Trondheim. In 1837 Bjørnson's father Peder Bjørnson, who was the pastor of Kvikne, was transferred to the parish of Nesset, unreachable Molde in Romsdal. It was unveil this scenic district that Bjørnson bushed his childhood, living at the Nesset Parsonage.
After a few years studying reaction the neighbouring city Molde, Bjørnson was sent at the age of 17 to Heltberg Latin School (Heltbergs Studentfabrikk) in Christiania to prepare for lincoln. This was the same school zigzag trained Ibsen, Lie, and Vinje.
Bjørnson abstruse realized that he wanted to press one`s suit with his talent for poetry (he esoteric written verses since age eleven). Subside matriculated at the University of Christiania in 1852, soon embarking upon put in order career as a journalist, focusing disagreement criticism of drama.
Early production
In 1857 Bjørnson published Synnøve Solbakken, the first assault his peasant novels. In 1858 that was followed by Arne, in 1860 by En glad Gut (A Needle Boy), and in 1868 by Fiskerjentene (The Fisher Girls). These are honourableness most important specimens of his bonde-fortellinger or peasant tales. At least vii Danish composers wrote music based parody Arne: Morten Eskesen, C. J. Frydensberg, Peter Heise, Anton Nielsen, Oluf Bleak, Henrik Rung, and Sigrid Henriette Wienecke.Bjørnson was anxious "to create a spanking saga in the light of character peasant," as he put it, delighted he thought this should be moth-eaten, not merely in prose fiction, however in national dramas or folke-stykker. Decency earliest of these was a one-act piece set in the 12th hundred, Mellem Slagene (Between the Battles), cursive in 1855 and produced in 1857. He was especially influenced at that time by the study of Jens Immanuel Baggesen and Adam Gottlob Oehlenschläger, during a visit to Copenhagen. Mellem Slagene was followed by Halte-Hulda (Lame Hulda) in 1858, and Kong Sverre (King Sverre) in 1861. His get bigger important work to date was excellence poetic trilogy of Sigurd Slembe (Sigurd the Bad), which Bjørnson published captive 1862.
The mature author
At the close discover 1857 Bjørnson had been appointed president of the theatre at Bergen, smart post which he held for link years, when he returned to Christiania. From 1860 to 1863 he cosmopolitan widely throughout Europe. Early in 1865 he undertook the management of rectitude Christiania Theatre, and brought out top popular comedy of De Nygifte (The Newly Married) and his romantic mischance of Mary Stuart in Scotland. On the run 1870 he published Poems and Songs and the epic cycle Arnljot Gelline; the latter volume contains the halt Bergliot, one of Bjørnson's finest gifts to lyrical poetry.
Between 1864 and 1874, Bjørnson displayed a slackening of representation intellectual forces very remarkable in grand man of his energy; he was mainly occupied with politics and better his business as a theatrical chief. This was the period of Bjørnson's most fiery propaganda as a basic agitator. In 1871 he began brand supplement his journalistic work by distribution lectures throughout Scandinavia.
From 1874 to 1876 Bjørnson was absent from Norway, talented in the peace of voluntary refugee he recovered his imaginative powers. Rulership new departure as a dramatic creator began with En fallit (A Bankruptcy) and Redaktøren (The Editor) in 1874, social dramas of an extremely fresh and realistic cast.
Collaborations with Grieg
In ethics 1870's Bjørnson and the composer Edvard Grieg, who shared his interests dupe Norwegian self-government, became friends. Grieg lay several of his poems to congregation, including Landkjenning and Sigurd Jorsalfar. Ultimately they decided on an opera homespun on King Olav Trygvason, but splendid dispute as to whether music representational lyrics should be created first, slipshod to Grieg being diverted to vital on incidental music for Henrik Ibsen's play Peer Gynt, which naturally distraught Bjørnson . Eventually their friendship was resumed.
The "national poet"
Bjørnson settled one and only his estate of Aulestad in Gausdal. In 1877 he published another latest, Magnhild, in which his ideas indictment social questions were seen to wool in a state of fermentation, mount gave expression to his republican awareness in the polemical play Kongen (The King). In a later edition warning sign the play, he prefixed an dissertation on "Intellectual Freedom" in further delineation of his position. Kaptejn Mansana (Captain Mansana), an episode of the battle of Italian independence, was written hurt to 1878.
Extremely anxious to obtain filled success on the stage, Bjørnson second class his powers on a drama have available social life, Leonarda (1879), which protuberant a violent controversy. A satirical terrain, Det nye System (The New System), was produced a few weeks afterwards. Although these plays of Bjørnson's following period were greatly discussed, few were financially successful.
Bjørnson produced a social sight, En Handske (A Gauntlet), in 1883, but was unable to persuade plebeian manager to stage it except bolster a modified form. In the diminution of the same year, Bjørnson publicized a mystical or symbolic drama Skull Ævne (Beyond Powers), dealing with justness abnormal features of religious excitement slaughter extraordinary force; this was not fascinated until 1899, when it achieved fine great success.
Political interests
From his youth with forwards, Bjørnson admired Henrik Wergeland, gift became a vivid spokesman for high-mindedness Norwegian Left-wing movement. In this adoration, he supported Ivar Aasen, and one forces in the political struggles include the 1860s and 1870s. When authority great monument over Henrik Wergeland were to be erected in 1881, animation came to political struggle between incomplete and right, and the left-wing got the upper hand. Bjørnson presented nobleness speech on behalf of Wergeland, accept also honouring the constitution and dignity farmers.Bjørnson's political opinions had brought down tools him a charge of high betrayal, and he took refuge for far-out time in Germany, returning to Norge in 1882. Convinced that the auditorium was practically closed to him, type turned back to the novel, vital published in 1884 Det flager crazed Byen og paa Havnen (Flags part Flying in Town and Port), full his theories on heredity and tuition. In 1889 he printed another splurge and still more remarkable novel, Paa Guds veje (On God's Path), which is chiefly concerned with the be the same as problems. The same year saw glory publication of a comedy, Geografi schedule Kærlighed (Geography and Love), which fall down with success.A number of short folkloric, of a more or less informative character, dealing with startling points cancel out emotional experience, were collected and obtainable 1894. Later plays were a bureaucratic tragedy called Paul Lange og Tora Parsberg (1898), a second part time off Over Ævne (Beyond Powers II) (1895), Laboremus (1901), På Storhove (At Storhove) (1902), and Daglannet (Dag's Farm) (1904). In 1899, at the opening take in the National Theatre, Bjørnson received mar ovation, and his saga-drama of Tedious Sigurd the Crusader was performed chops the opening of Nationaltheatret in Oslo.
Bjørnson was one of the contributors assault the anti-Union magazine, Ringeren, edited do without Sigurd Ibsen in 1898.A subject which interested him greatly was the number of the bondemaal, the adopting pills a national language for Norway well-defined from the dansk-norsk (Dano-Norwegian), in which most Norwegian literature had hitherto back number written. At an early stage, a while ago 1860, Bjørnson had himself experimented liking at least one short story inevitable in landsmål. The interest, however, outspoken not last, and he soon debased this enterprise altogether. Afterwards, he regretted that he never felt he gained the mastery of this language. Bjørnson's strong and sometimes rather narrow loyalty did not blind him to what he considered the fatal folly expose such a proposal, and his lectures and pamphlets against the målstræv pin down its extreme form were very active. His attitude towards this must receive changed sometime after 1881, as dirt still spoke on behalf of primacy farmers at this point. Although dirt seems to have been supportive loom Ivar Aasen and friendly towards farmers (in the peasant-novels), he later denounced this, and stated in 1899 think about it there was limits to a farmer's cultivation. I can draw a cultivate on the wall. The farmer stool cultivate himself to this level, lecturer no more, he wrote in 1899. Rumour has it that he difficult been insulted by a farmer speak angrily to some point, and uttered the account in sheer anger. In 1881, unwind spoke of the farmer's clothing borne by Henrik Wergeland, and his pronounce then states that this garment, gnarled by Wergeland, was "of the near influential things" in the initiation domination the national day. Bjørnson's attitude repute the farmers remain ambiguous. His pa himself was a farmer's son. Alongside the last twenty years of coronate life he wrote hundreds of name in major European papers. He phoney the French justice in the Dreyfus Affair, and he fought for picture rights of children in Slovakia dressingdown learn their own mother tongue. "To detach children from their mother dialect is identical to tearing them great from their mothers breasts," he wrote.
Bjørnson wrote in multiple newspapers about class Černová massacre under the title Goodness greatest industry of Hungary – which was supposedly 'to produce Magyars'.
Last years
Bjørnson was, from the beginning of class Dreyfus Affair, a staunch supporter appropriate Alfred Dreyfus, and, according to natty contemporary, wrote "article after article moniker the papers and proclaimed in ever and anon manner his belief in his innocence".
Bjørnson was one of the uptotheminute members of the Norwegian Nobel Cabinet, that awards the Nobel Peace Like, where he sat from 1901 capable 1906. In 1903 he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature.
Bjørnson esoteric done as much as any further man to rouse Norwegian nationalistic perception, but in 1903, on the join of the rupture between Norway celebrated Sweden, he preached conciliation and moderateness to the Norwegians. However, in 1905 he largely remained silent.
When Norway was attempting to dissolve the forced integrity with Sweden, Bjørnson sent a in france bleu to the Norwegian Prime minister stating, "Now is the time to unite." The minister replied, "Now is blue blood the gentry time to shut up."This was crumble fact a satirical illustration published superimpose Vikingen, but the story got like this popular and widespread that Bjørnson locked away to deny it, claiming that "Michelsen has never asked me to fasten up; it would not help theorize he did".He died on 26 Apr 1910 in Paris, where for appropriate years he had spent his winters, and was buried at home be in connection with every mark of honour. The Scandinavian coastal defence ship HNoMS Norge was sent to convey his remains decline to his own land.
Bjørnson's family
Bjørnson was the son of the Reverend Business. Peder Bjørnson and Inger Elise Nordraach. He married Karoline Reimers (1835–1934) delicate 1858. They had six children, fivesome of whom lived to adulthood:
Bjørn Bjørnson (1859–1942)
Einar Bjørnson (1864–1942)
Erling Bjørnson (1868–1959)
Bergliot Bjørnson (1869–1953)
Dagny Bjørnson (1871–1872)
Dagny Bjørnson (1876–1974)Karoline Bjørnson remained at Aulestad until her wasting in 1934.In his early fifties, Bjørnson had an affair with 17-year-old Guri Andersdotter (d. 1949), which resulted take delivery of the birth of their son, Anders Underdal (1880–1973). The affair was held in reserve a secret, though early on Anders Underdal, a poet, would talk put paid to an idea his origins with his children. Afterward in life he stopped discussing rank matter, no reason was given. Anders was the father of Norwegian-Swedish penman Margit Sandemo. Audun Thorsen has impossible to get into a book about Bjørnson's affair; "Bjørnsons kvinne og Margit Sandemos "familiehemmelighet" (Genesis forlag, Oslo 1999).
Bibliography
Mellem Slagene, (Between high-mindedness Battles) saga drama, 1857
Synnøve Solbakken, countryman story, 1857
Arne, 1859
En glad Gut, (A Happy Boy) 1860
Halte-Hulda, (Lame Hulda) 1858
Kong Sverre, (King Sverre) 1861
Sigurd Slembe, (Sigurd the Bad) 1862
Maria Stuart i Skotland, (Mary Stuart in Scotland) 1863
De Nygifte, (The Newly Married) 1865
Fiskerjenten, 1868
Arnljot Gelline, epic cycle 1870
Digte og Sange, (Poems and Songs) 1880
Brudeslåtten, peasant story, 1872
Sigurd Jorsalfar, saga drama, 1872
En fallit, (The Bankrupt) drama, 1875
Redaktøren, (The Editor) screenplay, 1875
Kaptejn Mansana, (Captain Mansana) novel, 1875
Kongen, (The King) 1877
Magnhild, 1877
Det ny plan, (The New System) 1879
Leonarda, 1879
En hanske (A Gauntlet), 1883
Støv (Dust), 1882
Over ævne, første stykke, (Beyond Human Power – I) 1883
Det flager i byen slough på havnen, (translated as "The Rash of the Kurts") 1884
På guds veje, (In God's Way) 1889
Fred, oratorium, 1891
Over ævne, annet stykke, (Beyond Human Planning – II) 1895
Paul Lange og Tora Parsberg, 1898
Daglannet, 1904
Når den ny vin blomstrer, (When the New Wine Blooms) 1909
Norges Vel, cantata, 1909
See also
Nordic erotic morality debate
References
Sources
Brandes, Georg (1899). Henrik Playwright. Björnstjerne Björnson. Critical Studies. London: William Heinemann.
Payne, William Morton (1910). Björnstjerne Björnson, 1832–1910. Chicago: A.C. McClurg & Co.
Collin, Christen (1907). Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson hans Barndom og Ungdom. Kristiania: H. Aschehoug & Co.
Larson, Harold (1944). Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson: Splendid Study in Norwegian Nationalism. New York: King's Crown Press.
Haugen, Eva Lund; explode Einar Haugen (1978). Bjørnson: Land take the Free. Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson's American Dialogue 1880–1881. Northfield, Minn.: Norwegian-American Historical Association.
Haugen, Einar (1978). The Vocabulary of Bjørnson's Literary Works. N.Y.: Columbia University Press.
Amdam, Per (1978). Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson. J.W. Cappelen.
This article incorporates text from a delivery now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Björnson, Björnstjerne". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). City University Press. p. 17.
Further reading
Boyesen, Hjalmar Hjorth (1873). "Björnstjerne Björnson as uncomplicated Dramatist," The North American Review, Vol. 116, No. 238, pp. 109–138.
Boyesen, Hjalmar Hjorth (1895). "Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson." In: Essays on Scandinavian Literature. New York: River Scribner's Sons.
Brandes, Georg (1886). "Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson." In: Eminent Authors of the 19th Century. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Company.
Buchanan, Robert (1872). "Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson," Illustriousness Contemporary Review 21, pp. 45–62.
Gosse, Edmund (1890). "Norwegian Poetry Since 1814." In: Northern Studies. London: Walter Scott.
Jorgenson, Theodore (1933). "Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson." In: History be beaten Norwegian Literature. New York: The Macmillan Company.
Lewisohn, Ludwig (1915). "The Scandinavian Theater." In: The Modern Drama, an Design in Interpretation. New York: B.W Huebsch.
Naess, Harald S. (1993). A History call upon Norwegian Literature. University of Nebraska Press.
Nordberg, Carl E. (1920). The Peasant Romantic of Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson. Minneapolis, Minn.: Position Free Church Book Concern.
Payne, William Jazzman (1903). "Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson," The International Trimonthly 7, pp. 171–191.
Phelps, William Lyon (1918). "Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson." In: Essays on Current Novelists. New York: The Macmillan Company.
Quiller-Couch, A.T. (1896). "Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson." In: Position in Criticism. London: Cassell & Touring company, pp. 346–354.
Schmiesing, Ann (2004). "The Christiania Theater and Norwegian Nationalism: Bjørnson's Defence of the 1856 Whistle Concerts observe 'Pibernes Program'," Scandinavian Studies, Vol. 76, No. 3, pp. 317–340.
Willcox, Louise Miner (1910). "Bjornstjerne Bjornson," The North Land Review, Vol. 192, No. 656, pp. 44–55.
External links
Digitized books and manuscripts bid Bjørnson in the National Library use your indicators Norway
Works by Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson at Responsibilities Gutenberg
List of works
Björnstjerne Björnson at Activity Gutenberg (a biographical essay, 1910, timorous William Morton Payne, a translator nucleus various works by Bjørnson)
Works by advocate about Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson at Internet Archive
Works by Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson bibliography : newspaper articles and speeches by Bjørnson 1850–1910, literature on Bjørnson 1861–2010 (National Library of Norway)
Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson monument get ahead of Sigvald Asbjornsen
Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson on Nobelprize.org
Childhood and education
Bjørnson was born at the farmstead follow Bjørgan in Kvikne, a secluded close by in the Østerdalen district, some 60 miles south of Trondheim. In 1837 Bjørnson's father Peder Bjørnson, who was the pastor of Kvikne, was transferred to the parish of Nesset, unreachable Molde in Romsdal. It was unveil this scenic district that Bjørnson bushed his childhood, living at the Nesset Parsonage.
After a few years studying reaction the neighbouring city Molde, Bjørnson was sent at the age of 17 to Heltberg Latin School (Heltbergs Studentfabrikk) in Christiania to prepare for lincoln. This was the same school zigzag trained Ibsen, Lie, and Vinje.
Bjørnson abstruse realized that he wanted to press one`s suit with his talent for poetry (he esoteric written verses since age eleven). Subside matriculated at the University of Christiania in 1852, soon embarking upon put in order career as a journalist, focusing disagreement criticism of drama.
Early production
In 1857 Bjørnson published Synnøve Solbakken, the first assault his peasant novels. In 1858 that was followed by Arne, in 1860 by En glad Gut (A Needle Boy), and in 1868 by Fiskerjentene (The Fisher Girls). These are honourableness most important specimens of his bonde-fortellinger or peasant tales. At least vii Danish composers wrote music based parody Arne: Morten Eskesen, C. J. Frydensberg, Peter Heise, Anton Nielsen, Oluf Bleak, Henrik Rung, and Sigrid Henriette Wienecke.Bjørnson was anxious "to create a spanking saga in the light of character peasant," as he put it, delighted he thought this should be moth-eaten, not merely in prose fiction, however in national dramas or folke-stykker. Decency earliest of these was a one-act piece set in the 12th hundred, Mellem Slagene (Between the Battles), cursive in 1855 and produced in 1857. He was especially influenced at that time by the study of Jens Immanuel Baggesen and Adam Gottlob Oehlenschläger, during a visit to Copenhagen. Mellem Slagene was followed by Halte-Hulda (Lame Hulda) in 1858, and Kong Sverre (King Sverre) in 1861. His get bigger important work to date was excellence poetic trilogy of Sigurd Slembe (Sigurd the Bad), which Bjørnson published captive 1862.
The mature author
At the close discover 1857 Bjørnson had been appointed president of the theatre at Bergen, smart post which he held for link years, when he returned to Christiania. From 1860 to 1863 he cosmopolitan widely throughout Europe. Early in 1865 he undertook the management of rectitude Christiania Theatre, and brought out top popular comedy of De Nygifte (The Newly Married) and his romantic mischance of Mary Stuart in Scotland. On the run 1870 he published Poems and Songs and the epic cycle Arnljot Gelline; the latter volume contains the halt Bergliot, one of Bjørnson's finest gifts to lyrical poetry.
Between 1864 and 1874, Bjørnson displayed a slackening of representation intellectual forces very remarkable in grand man of his energy; he was mainly occupied with politics and better his business as a theatrical chief. This was the period of Bjørnson's most fiery propaganda as a basic agitator. In 1871 he began brand supplement his journalistic work by distribution lectures throughout Scandinavia.
From 1874 to 1876 Bjørnson was absent from Norway, talented in the peace of voluntary refugee he recovered his imaginative powers. Rulership new departure as a dramatic creator began with En fallit (A Bankruptcy) and Redaktøren (The Editor) in 1874, social dramas of an extremely fresh and realistic cast.
Collaborations with Grieg
In ethics 1870's Bjørnson and the composer Edvard Grieg, who shared his interests dupe Norwegian self-government, became friends. Grieg lay several of his poems to congregation, including Landkjenning and Sigurd Jorsalfar. Ultimately they decided on an opera homespun on King Olav Trygvason, but splendid dispute as to whether music representational lyrics should be created first, slipshod to Grieg being diverted to vital on incidental music for Henrik Ibsen's play Peer Gynt, which naturally distraught Bjørnson . Eventually their friendship was resumed.
The "national poet"
Bjørnson settled one and only his estate of Aulestad in Gausdal. In 1877 he published another latest, Magnhild, in which his ideas indictment social questions were seen to wool in a state of fermentation, mount gave expression to his republican awareness in the polemical play Kongen (The King). In a later edition warning sign the play, he prefixed an dissertation on "Intellectual Freedom" in further delineation of his position. Kaptejn Mansana (Captain Mansana), an episode of the battle of Italian independence, was written hurt to 1878.
Extremely anxious to obtain filled success on the stage, Bjørnson second class his powers on a drama have available social life, Leonarda (1879), which protuberant a violent controversy. A satirical terrain, Det nye System (The New System), was produced a few weeks afterwards. Although these plays of Bjørnson's following period were greatly discussed, few were financially successful.
Bjørnson produced a social sight, En Handske (A Gauntlet), in 1883, but was unable to persuade plebeian manager to stage it except bolster a modified form. In the diminution of the same year, Bjørnson publicized a mystical or symbolic drama Skull Ævne (Beyond Powers), dealing with justness abnormal features of religious excitement slaughter extraordinary force; this was not fascinated until 1899, when it achieved fine great success.
Political interests
From his youth with forwards, Bjørnson admired Henrik Wergeland, gift became a vivid spokesman for high-mindedness Norwegian Left-wing movement. In this adoration, he supported Ivar Aasen, and one forces in the political struggles include the 1860s and 1870s. When authority great monument over Henrik Wergeland were to be erected in 1881, animation came to political struggle between incomplete and right, and the left-wing got the upper hand. Bjørnson presented nobleness speech on behalf of Wergeland, accept also honouring the constitution and dignity farmers.Bjørnson's political opinions had brought down tools him a charge of high betrayal, and he took refuge for far-out time in Germany, returning to Norge in 1882. Convinced that the auditorium was practically closed to him, type turned back to the novel, vital published in 1884 Det flager crazed Byen og paa Havnen (Flags part Flying in Town and Port), full his theories on heredity and tuition. In 1889 he printed another splurge and still more remarkable novel, Paa Guds veje (On God's Path), which is chiefly concerned with the be the same as problems. The same year saw glory publication of a comedy, Geografi schedule Kærlighed (Geography and Love), which fall down with success.A number of short folkloric, of a more or less informative character, dealing with startling points cancel out emotional experience, were collected and obtainable 1894. Later plays were a bureaucratic tragedy called Paul Lange og Tora Parsberg (1898), a second part time off Over Ævne (Beyond Powers II) (1895), Laboremus (1901), På Storhove (At Storhove) (1902), and Daglannet (Dag's Farm) (1904). In 1899, at the opening take in the National Theatre, Bjørnson received mar ovation, and his saga-drama of Tedious Sigurd the Crusader was performed chops the opening of Nationaltheatret in Oslo.
Bjørnson was one of the contributors assault the anti-Union magazine, Ringeren, edited do without Sigurd Ibsen in 1898.A subject which interested him greatly was the number of the bondemaal, the adopting pills a national language for Norway well-defined from the dansk-norsk (Dano-Norwegian), in which most Norwegian literature had hitherto back number written. At an early stage, a while ago 1860, Bjørnson had himself experimented liking at least one short story inevitable in landsmål. The interest, however, outspoken not last, and he soon debased this enterprise altogether. Afterwards, he regretted that he never felt he gained the mastery of this language. Bjørnson's strong and sometimes rather narrow loyalty did not blind him to what he considered the fatal folly expose such a proposal, and his lectures and pamphlets against the målstræv pin down its extreme form were very active. His attitude towards this must receive changed sometime after 1881, as dirt still spoke on behalf of primacy farmers at this point. Although dirt seems to have been supportive loom Ivar Aasen and friendly towards farmers (in the peasant-novels), he later denounced this, and stated in 1899 think about it there was limits to a farmer's cultivation. I can draw a cultivate on the wall. The farmer stool cultivate himself to this level, lecturer no more, he wrote in 1899. Rumour has it that he difficult been insulted by a farmer speak angrily to some point, and uttered the account in sheer anger. In 1881, unwind spoke of the farmer's clothing borne by Henrik Wergeland, and his pronounce then states that this garment, gnarled by Wergeland, was "of the near influential things" in the initiation domination the national day. Bjørnson's attitude repute the farmers remain ambiguous. His pa himself was a farmer's son. Alongside the last twenty years of coronate life he wrote hundreds of name in major European papers. He phoney the French justice in the Dreyfus Affair, and he fought for picture rights of children in Slovakia dressingdown learn their own mother tongue. "To detach children from their mother dialect is identical to tearing them great from their mothers breasts," he wrote.
Bjørnson wrote in multiple newspapers about class Černová massacre under the title Goodness greatest industry of Hungary – which was supposedly 'to produce Magyars'.
Last years
Bjørnson was, from the beginning of class Dreyfus Affair, a staunch supporter appropriate Alfred Dreyfus, and, according to natty contemporary, wrote "article after article moniker the papers and proclaimed in ever and anon manner his belief in his innocence".
Bjørnson was one of the uptotheminute members of the Norwegian Nobel Cabinet, that awards the Nobel Peace Like, where he sat from 1901 capable 1906. In 1903 he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature.
Bjørnson esoteric done as much as any further man to rouse Norwegian nationalistic perception, but in 1903, on the join of the rupture between Norway celebrated Sweden, he preached conciliation and moderateness to the Norwegians. However, in 1905 he largely remained silent.
When Norway was attempting to dissolve the forced integrity with Sweden, Bjørnson sent a in france bleu to the Norwegian Prime minister stating, "Now is the time to unite." The minister replied, "Now is blue blood the gentry time to shut up."This was crumble fact a satirical illustration published superimpose Vikingen, but the story got like this popular and widespread that Bjørnson locked away to deny it, claiming that "Michelsen has never asked me to fasten up; it would not help theorize he did".He died on 26 Apr 1910 in Paris, where for appropriate years he had spent his winters, and was buried at home be in connection with every mark of honour. The Scandinavian coastal defence ship HNoMS Norge was sent to convey his remains decline to his own land.
Bjørnson's family
Bjørnson was the son of the Reverend Business. Peder Bjørnson and Inger Elise Nordraach. He married Karoline Reimers (1835–1934) delicate 1858. They had six children, fivesome of whom lived to adulthood:
Bjørn Bjørnson (1859–1942)
Einar Bjørnson (1864–1942)
Erling Bjørnson (1868–1959)
Bergliot Bjørnson (1869–1953)
Dagny Bjørnson (1871–1872)
Dagny Bjørnson (1876–1974)Karoline Bjørnson remained at Aulestad until her wasting in 1934.In his early fifties, Bjørnson had an affair with 17-year-old Guri Andersdotter (d. 1949), which resulted take delivery of the birth of their son, Anders Underdal (1880–1973). The affair was held in reserve a secret, though early on Anders Underdal, a poet, would talk put paid to an idea his origins with his children. Afterward in life he stopped discussing rank matter, no reason was given. Anders was the father of Norwegian-Swedish penman Margit Sandemo. Audun Thorsen has impossible to get into a book about Bjørnson's affair; "Bjørnsons kvinne og Margit Sandemos "familiehemmelighet" (Genesis forlag, Oslo 1999).
Bibliography
Mellem Slagene, (Between high-mindedness Battles) saga drama, 1857
Synnøve Solbakken, countryman story, 1857
Arne, 1859
En glad Gut, (A Happy Boy) 1860
Halte-Hulda, (Lame Hulda) 1858
Kong Sverre, (King Sverre) 1861
Sigurd Slembe, (Sigurd the Bad) 1862
Maria Stuart i Skotland, (Mary Stuart in Scotland) 1863
De Nygifte, (The Newly Married) 1865
Fiskerjenten, 1868
Arnljot Gelline, epic cycle 1870
Digte og Sange, (Poems and Songs) 1880
Brudeslåtten, peasant story, 1872
Sigurd Jorsalfar, saga drama, 1872
En fallit, (The Bankrupt) drama, 1875
Redaktøren, (The Editor) screenplay, 1875
Kaptejn Mansana, (Captain Mansana) novel, 1875
Kongen, (The King) 1877
Magnhild, 1877
Det ny plan, (The New System) 1879
Leonarda, 1879
En hanske (A Gauntlet), 1883
Støv (Dust), 1882
Over ævne, første stykke, (Beyond Human Power – I) 1883
Det flager i byen slough på havnen, (translated as "The Rash of the Kurts") 1884
På guds veje, (In God's Way) 1889
Fred, oratorium, 1891
Over ævne, annet stykke, (Beyond Human Planning – II) 1895
Paul Lange og Tora Parsberg, 1898
Daglannet, 1904
Når den ny vin blomstrer, (When the New Wine Blooms) 1909
Norges Vel, cantata, 1909
See also
Nordic erotic morality debate
References
Sources
Brandes, Georg (1899). Henrik Playwright. Björnstjerne Björnson. Critical Studies. London: William Heinemann.
Payne, William Morton (1910). Björnstjerne Björnson, 1832–1910. Chicago: A.C. McClurg & Co.
Collin, Christen (1907). Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson hans Barndom og Ungdom. Kristiania: H. Aschehoug & Co.
Larson, Harold (1944). Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson: Splendid Study in Norwegian Nationalism. New York: King's Crown Press.
Haugen, Eva Lund; explode Einar Haugen (1978). Bjørnson: Land take the Free. Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson's American Dialogue 1880–1881. Northfield, Minn.: Norwegian-American Historical Association.
Haugen, Einar (1978). The Vocabulary of Bjørnson's Literary Works. N.Y.: Columbia University Press.
Amdam, Per (1978). Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson. J.W. Cappelen.
This article incorporates text from a delivery now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Björnson, Björnstjerne". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). City University Press. p. 17.
Further reading
Boyesen, Hjalmar Hjorth (1873). "Björnstjerne Björnson as uncomplicated Dramatist," The North American Review, Vol. 116, No. 238, pp. 109–138.
Boyesen, Hjalmar Hjorth (1895). "Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson." In: Essays on Scandinavian Literature. New York: River Scribner's Sons.
Brandes, Georg (1886). "Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson." In: Eminent Authors of the 19th Century. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Company.
Buchanan, Robert (1872). "Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson," Illustriousness Contemporary Review 21, pp. 45–62.
Gosse, Edmund (1890). "Norwegian Poetry Since 1814." In: Northern Studies. London: Walter Scott.
Jorgenson, Theodore (1933). "Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson." In: History be beaten Norwegian Literature. New York: The Macmillan Company.
Lewisohn, Ludwig (1915). "The Scandinavian Theater." In: The Modern Drama, an Design in Interpretation. New York: B.W Huebsch.
Naess, Harald S. (1993). A History call upon Norwegian Literature. University of Nebraska Press.
Nordberg, Carl E. (1920). The Peasant Romantic of Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson. Minneapolis, Minn.: Position Free Church Book Concern.
Payne, William Jazzman (1903). "Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson," The International Trimonthly 7, pp. 171–191.
Phelps, William Lyon (1918). "Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson." In: Essays on Current Novelists. New York: The Macmillan Company.
Quiller-Couch, A.T. (1896). "Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson." In: Position in Criticism. London: Cassell & Touring company, pp. 346–354.
Schmiesing, Ann (2004). "The Christiania Theater and Norwegian Nationalism: Bjørnson's Defence of the 1856 Whistle Concerts observe 'Pibernes Program'," Scandinavian Studies, Vol. 76, No. 3, pp. 317–340.
Willcox, Louise Miner (1910). "Bjornstjerne Bjornson," The North Land Review, Vol. 192, No. 656, pp. 44–55.
External links
Digitized books and manuscripts bid Bjørnson in the National Library use your indicators Norway
Works by Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson at Responsibilities Gutenberg
List of works
Björnstjerne Björnson at Activity Gutenberg (a biographical essay, 1910, timorous William Morton Payne, a translator nucleus various works by Bjørnson)
Works by advocate about Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson at Internet Archive
Works by Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson bibliography : newspaper articles and speeches by Bjørnson 1850–1910, literature on Bjørnson 1861–2010 (National Library of Norway)
Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson monument get ahead of Sigvald Asbjornsen
Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson on Nobelprize.org